Anthropogenic changes detected in the sediment of a shallow (~1.6 m)
billabong (Horseshoe Lagoon) are the result of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)
connection in 1958 and catchment urbanization around 1974. Nutrient-rich water
caused the collapse of macrophyte populations, algal blooms became common, and
urbanization increased sediment deposition (~1 cm year
−1 ). Changes in P retention were investigated by
using dated cores, pore-water element profiles, and water quality records. The
lagoon is the last of three STP holding ponds. Ponds 1 and 2 were sand-mining
pits; they receive no sediment input and have negligible P adsorption. The
Fe:P ratios in sediments from three Australian rivers have a common slope and
this relationship was used to examine Fe:P ratios in the anoxic bottom
sediments of the lagoon. A potential for effluent P adsorption developed in
the lagoon through Fe mobilization and enrichment in the upper sediments and a
strong clay–Fe–P association. The mean long- term P adsorption in
the lagoon (35±18%) was the result of maintaining clay input to
an oxic waterbody. Bacterial sulfate reduction is the main process decreasing
available Fe for effluent P adsorption. Appropriately designed systems could
expect to maintain effluent P adsorption efficiencies of around 70%.