Reassessment of Dyfrolomyces and Four New Species of Melomastia from Olive (Olea europaea) in Sichuan Province, China

Pleurotremataceae species are saprobes on decaying wood in terrestrial, mangrove, and freshwater habitats. The generic boundary of the family has traditionally been based on morphology. All genera of Pleurotremataceae have a high degree of morphological overlap, of which the generic circumscription of Melomastia and Dyfrolomyces has not been well resolved. Thus, the delimitation of genera has always been challenging. Melomastia traditionally differs from Dyfrolomyces in having 2-septate, oblong, with obtuse-ends ascospores. These main characteristics have been used to distinguish Melomastia from Dyfrolomyces for a long time. However, the above characteristics sometimes overlap among Dyfrolomyces and Melomastia species. Based on the morphology and multigene phylogeny with newly obtained data, we synonymized Dyfrolomyces under Melomastia following up-to-date results. Four novel species (i.e., Melomastia fusispora, M. oleae, M. sichuanensis and M. winteri) collected from the dead branches of Olea europaea L. in Chengdu Olive Base, Sichuan Province in China are introduced based on detailed morphological characterization and phylogenetic analyses of sequences based on nuclear ribosomal (LSU and SSU) and protein-coding gene (tef1-α). The 11 new combinations proposed are Melomastia aquatica (= Dyfrolomyces aquaticus), M. chromolaenae (= D. chromolaenae), M. distoseptata (= D. distoseptatus), M. mangrovei (= D. mangrovei), M. marinospora (= D. marinosporus), M. neothailandica (= D. neothailandicus), M. phetchaburiensis (= D. phetchaburiensis), M. sinensis (= D. sinensis), M. thailandica (= D. thailandica), M. thamplaensis (= D. thamplaensis) and M. tiomanensis (= D. tiomanensis).

EFFECT OF MORINGA AND OLIVE LEAVES POWDER CONSUMPTION ON HYPERGLYCEMIC STATE IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS (A PILOT STUDY)

Study showed effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) and Olea europaea (OE) leaves powder on lowering blood sugar levels in diabetes patients. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of MO and OE leaves powder on blood glucose control in therapy type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Diabetic patients (160 with diet-controlled type 2 diabetes and 250 non-diabetic) healthy volunteers were asked to fast for 13 hours on three occasions. Blood glucose was measured before and after eating 100g of white carbohydrates (bread) (at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes). On their second and third study visits, they were given 1g and 2g respectively, of Moringa oleifera and Olea europaea leaves powder for 30 minutes after eating the bread.Ingestion of Moringa oleifera (MO) and Olea europaea (OE) leaves powder had no effect on blood glucose in non-diabetic participants, but in diabetic patients, Moringa oleifera and Olea europaea powder reduced post-prandial glycaemia in diabetic patients. A larger study is needed to define the optimal dose and to assess whether this translates into longer-term benefits.