Dynamics of yield and soil chemistry under long-term cultivation of eastern goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.)

В шестнадцатилетних исследованиях на Полевой опытной станции РГАУ–МСХА им. К. А. Тимирязева (2005–2020 годы) изучено продуктивное долголетие козлятника восточного сорта Гале и люцерны изменчивой сорта Находка. Установлено, что в первые 4 года использования травостоев урожайность агроценозов люцерны, созданных при различных способах обработки почвы, составляла 7,73–8,81 т/га сухой массы, что больше, чем давал козлятник восточный, в 1,8 раза. Урожайность сеяных травостоев люцерны при фрезерной обработке почвы была меньше на 1,08 т/га, чем при пахотной обработке, а на продуктивность козлятника способы основной обработки почвы не оказали существенного влияния. В последующие годы выращивания как козлятника, так и люцерны произошло выравнивание урожайности между вариантами с различными способами обработки почвы, и между ними не выявлено достоверных различий. В следующий четырёхлетний период (с 2009 по 2012 год) люцерна превосходила козлятник по урожайности на 46,8%. В среднем за 9–12-й годы жизни травостоев продуктивность уже козлятника была больше на 13,8%, а за 13–16-й годы — на 78,5%. В среднем за 16 лет травостои на основе люцерны дали больше кормов на 14,3%, но после 10-го года жизни они трансформировались в злаково-разнотравно-люцерновые фитоценозы, в то время как козлятник восточный остался доминирующим компонентом сеяного травостоя. Его доля в ботаническом составе травостоев на 16-й год жизни составляла 77,4–87,3%. За десятилетний период выращивания козлятника восточного pНKCl снизился с 5,75 до 5,46–5,60. Без внесения фосфорных удобрений почва перешла в разряд низкообеспеченной фосфором. Внесение калийных удобрений в течение первых 5 лет выращивания трав в дозе К180 позволило повысить обеспеченность почвы обменным калием с 38 до 71–72 мг/кг почвы. The productive longevities of eastern goat’s rue “Gale” and bastard alfalfa “Nakhodka” were analyzed at the Field Research Station of the Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University for 16 years (2005–2020). For the first 4 years alfalfa productivity amounted to 7,73–8,81 t ha-1 of dry mass under different tillage practices exceeding the one of eastern goat’s rue by 1.8 times. Rototilling reduced alfalfa yield by 1.08 t ha-1 in comparison to plowing while eastern goat’s rue performance showed no significant variation. In subsequent years tillage practices had no significant impact both on two crops. From 2009 to 2012 alfalfa exceeded eastern goat’s rue in productivity by 46.8%. For 9–12th life cycles eastern goat’s rue exceeded alfalfa productivity by 13.8%, for 13–16th life cycles — by 78.5%. For 16 years alfalfa swards produced 14.3% more forage but after the 10th year alfalfa was not a predominant grass in a mixture unlike eastern goat’s rue ecosystems. Eastern goat’s rue proportion amounted to 77.4–87.3% in a sward in the 16th year. For 10 years of eastern goat’s rue cultivation pНKCl dropped from 5.75 to 5.46–5.60. Without phosphorus fertilizers soil suffered from phosphorus deficit. Application of К180 increased exchange potassium content from 38 to 71–72 mg/kg of soil in the first 5 years

Characterization of Surimi Based Edible Film from Mackerel Tuna Dark Muscle

This research aims to determine the best concentration of surimi made from mackerel tuna dark muscle to produce edible film with characteristics according to JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) and to determine the characteristics of edible film product. This research was carried out in March to April 2021 at the Fishery Product Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University and Soil Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University. The method used was experimental with Completely Randomized Design (CRD), and treatment with surimi concentration consisted of three treatments with three replications including 8%, 10% and 12%. Parameters observed were thickness, tensile strength, percent elongation and transparency. The resulting data were analyzed using ANOVA and continued with Duncan's test (α=5%). The results showed that an increase in the concentration of surimi made from dark muscle of mackerel tuna had a significant effect on thickness and percent elongation, but an increase in surimi concentration had no significant effect on tensile strength and transparency. Edible film with the addition of 8% concentration of surimi made from mackerel tuna dark muscle had the best characteristics based on the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) and statistical analysis, with a thickness of 0.096 mm, tensile strength 486.78 kgf/cm2 percent elongation 211.67%, transparency 5, 72 and 94.28% clarity.

Does forest tree species composition impact modelled soil recovery from acidic deposition?

Acidic deposition depleted soil base cation pools throughout central Ontario, particularly during the second half of the twentieth century. While sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) deposition have declined in recent decades, forest harvesting may continue to remove base cations from soils, highlighting the need for reliable soil chemistry forecasts. This study investigated whether differences in soil chemistry among forest stands dominated by different tree species affected predictions using a dynamic biogeochemical model (VSD). Soil base saturation was modelled from 1850–2100 in stands dominated by balsam fir (<i>Abies balsamea</i> (L.) Mill.), eastern hemlock (<i>Tsuga canadensis</i> (L.) Carr.), white pine (<i>Pinus strobus</i> L.), sugar maple (<i>Acer saccharum</i> Marsh.), or yellow birch (<i>Betula alleghaniensis</i> Britt.). Three scenarios that manipulated future atmospheric S and N deposition and forest harvesting (2020–2100) were applied. When future atmospheric S and N deposition remained at 2020 levels and harvesting continued, base saturation increased marginally (2.0–4.5%) in all plots. Further increases in base saturation were minor (~1%) by 2100 when deposition reductions were implemented. When future forest harvesting was excluded, soil base saturation increased 3.4–8.5% from 2020–2100. These results suggest that tree species composition has minimal influence on modelled soil chemistry forecasts in response to changes in acidic deposition, and such models can be broadly applied for regional predictions.

Diversity and abundance of arbuscular fungi mycorrhizal (AMF) in rhizosphere Zea mays in tidal swamp

Sefrila M, Ghulamahdi M, Purwono Melati M, Mansur I. 2021. Diversity and abundance of arbuscular fungi mycorrhizal (AMF) in rhizosphere Zea mays in tidal swamp. Biodiversitas 22: 5071-5076. This study aims to find out the diversity and dominance of AMF spores and look at the morphology of fungi mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi that exist in the rooting area of corn (Zea mays L.) crops in the tidal swamp. The study was conducted in September 2020. Soil sampling at the tidal swamp village of Mulyasari Tanjung Lago District, Banyuasin, South Sumatra, Indonesia randomly sampling the corn root zone method. The research stages are soil sampling, soil chemistry analysis, AMF isolation and trapping, and morphological identification of AMF spores. The results showed the number of spores found in soil samples in the corn crop rhizosphere before trapping was less when compared to after trapping. The spores' shape is round, oblong, and oval, with colors ranging from clear, yellow, to brown. AMF spores found come from 2 genera namely (Acaulospora scrobiculata, A. bireticulata, A. mellea, A. laevis) and Glomus (Glomus monosporum, G. constrictum, G. manihotis).

Soil chemistry determines whether defensive plant secondary metabolites promote or suppress herbivore growth

Plant secondary (or specialized) metabolites mediate important interactions in both the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere. If and how such compartmentalized functions interact to determine plant–environment interactions is not well understood. Here, we investigated how the dual role of maize benzoxazinoids as leaf defenses and root siderophores shapes the interaction between maize and a major global insect pest, the fall armyworm. We find that benzoxazinoids suppress fall armyworm growth when plants are grown in soils with very low available iron but enhance growth in soils with higher available iron. Manipulation experiments confirm that benzoxazinoids suppress herbivore growth under iron-deficient conditions and in the presence of chelated iron but enhance herbivore growth in the presence of free iron in the growth medium. This reversal of the protective effect of benzoxazinoids is not associated with major changes in plant primary metabolism. Plant defense activation is modulated by the interplay between soil iron and benzoxazinoids but does not explain fall armyworm performance. Instead, increased iron supply to the fall armyworm by benzoxazinoids in the presence of free iron enhances larval performance. This work identifies soil chemistry as a decisive factor for the impact of plant secondary metabolites on herbivore growth. It also demonstrates how the multifunctionality of plant secondary metabolites drives interactions between abiotic and biotic factors, with potential consequences for plant resistance in variable environments.