scholarly journals Michael Polányi’s fiduciary program against fake news and deepfake in the digital age

AI & Society ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zsolt Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Brand Equity ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Online News ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Fake News ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Institutional Approach

AbstractThis paper argues that Michael Polányi’s account of how science, as an institution, establishes knowledge can provide a structure for a future institution capable of countering misinformation, or fake news, and deepfakes. I argue that only an institutional approach can adequately take up the challenge against the corresponding institution of fake news. The fact of filtering news and information may be bothering. It is the threat of censorship and free speech limitation. Instead, I propose that we should indicate reliable information with a trademark and news signing-approved information and brand equity. I offer a method of creating a standard for online news that people can rely on (similar to high-quality shopping products).

Media Systems in the Digital Age: An Empirical Comparison of 30 Countries

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edda Humprecht ◽  
Laia Castro Herrero ◽  
Sina Blassnig ◽  
Michael Brüggemann ◽  
Sven Engesser
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Online News ◽  
Empirical Comparison ◽  
Media Freedom ◽  
Media System ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Systems

Abstract Media systems have changed significantly as a result of the development of information technologies. However, typologies of media systems that incorporate aspects of digitalization are rare. This study fills this gap by identifying, operationalizing, and measuring indicators of media systems in the digital age. We build on previous work, extend it with new indicators that reflect changing conditions (such as online news use), and include media freedom indicators. We include 30 countries in our study and use cluster analysis to identify three clusters of media systems. Two of these clusters correspond to the media system models described by Hallin and Mancini, namely the democratic-corporatist and the polarized-pluralist model. However, the liberal model as described by Hallin and Mancini has vanished; instead, we find empirical evidence of a new cluster that we call “hybrid”: it is positioned in between the poles of the media-supportive democratic-corporatist and the polarized-pluralist clusters.

scholarly journals The Dangers of Hoaxes in Building Civil Society in the Era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-138
Author(s):  
Muhamad Basitur Rijal Gus Rijal ◽  
Ahyani Hisam ◽  
Abdul Basit
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Fake News ◽  
The Public ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Ideal

Civil society (civil society) as the ideal structure of society's life that is aspired to, but building a civil society is not easy. There are preconditions that must be met by the community in making it happen. Coupled with technological advances in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.o like today, where information can spread easily through various online media unlimitedly in spreading hoaxes. This research seeks to uncover the dangers of hoaxes in building civil society. This research uses descriptive analytical method by examining the sources of literature related to building civil society in the Industrial Revolution 4.o. This research found that the public space is a means of free speech; democratic behavior; tolerant; pluralism; and social justice can shape civil society. whereas the impact of hoax news greatly affects the way people perceive a certain issue, so that people cannot distinguish which news is real or fake news which causes them to be incited by fake news that is spread.

Fake News

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Levy
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Fact Checking

The blame for fake news obviously lies with the producers. It is plausible, nevertheless, that consumers have a responsibility to avoid fake news, to engage in fact-checking, or to seek multiple sources, including sources with different ideologies. This chapter argues that these strategies have limited utility and if the problem of fake news is to be effectively addressed, we need responses at the supply end, not the consumption end. Since suppliers, who are often ill motivated, cannot be expected to offer or consent to these responses, we need effective regulation or control of sources. The author sketches proposals compatible with maintaining the rights of everyone to free speech.

Citizen Journalism

2013 ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
Olubunmi P. Aborisade ◽  
Caroline Howard ◽  
Debra Beasley ◽  
Richard Livingood
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
Online News ◽  
Discussion Groups ◽  
Citizen Journalism ◽  
Informal Networks ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Media Channels

Recent national and international developments are demonstrating the power of technology to transform communication channels, media sources, events, and the fundamental nature of journalism. Technological advances now allow citizens to record and instantly publicize information and images for immediate distribution on ubiquitous communication networks using social media such as Twitter, Facebook, and Youtube. These technologies are enabling non-journalists to become “citizen reporters” (also known as “citizen journalists”), who record and report information over informal networks or via traditional mass media channels. Against the background of media repression in Nigeria, the article reports on a study that examined the impacts of technology on the journalism business as a way of understanding how citizen-reporters impact the journalism business in Nigeria. Specifically, the focus of the study was on Nigerian citizen-reporters (bloggers, social media, online news, and online discussion groups), their roles, and the impacts on Nigeria’s political struggle, free press, and free speech.

Fake Online News

2019 ◽  
pp. 152-166
Author(s):  
Janet Aver Adikpo
Keyword(s):  
Online News ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
Influence Model ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Information Spread ◽  
The Media ◽  
Hierarchy Of Influence ◽  
Model Trajectory

Today, the media environment has traversed several phases of technological advancements and as a result, there is a shift in the production and consumption of news. This chapter conceived fake news within the milieu of influencing information spread in the society, especially on the cyberspace. Using the hierarchy of influence model trajectory with fake news, it was established that it has become almost impossible to sustain trust and credibility through individual influences on online news content. The primary reason is that journalists are constrained by professional ethics, organizational routines, and ownership influence. Rather than verify facts and offer supporting claims, online users without professional orientation engage in a reproducing information indiscreetly. The chapter recommends that ethics be reconsidered as a means to recreate and imbibe journalistic values that will contend with the fake news pandemic.

Fake News Detection Using Deep Learning

2021 ◽  
pp. 440-451
Author(s):  
Varalakshmi Konagala ◽  
Shahana Bano
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Uncertain Data ◽  
Online News ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Web Based ◽  
News Sources ◽  
N Gram

The engendering of uncertain data in ordinary access news sources, for example, news sites, web-based life channels, and online papers, have made it trying to recognize capable news sources, along these lines expanding the requirement for computational instruments ready to give into the unwavering quality of online substance. For instance, counterfeit news outlets were observed to be bound to utilize language that is abstract and enthusiastic. At the point when specialists are chipping away at building up an AI-based apparatus for identifying counterfeit news, there wasn't sufficient information to prepare their calculations; they did the main balanced thing. In this chapter, two novel datasets for the undertaking of phony news locations, covering distinctive news areas, distinguishing proof of phony substance in online news has been considered. N-gram model will distinguish phony substance consequently with an emphasis on phony audits and phony news. This was pursued by a lot of learning analyses to fabricate precise phony news identifiers and showed correctness of up to 80%.

Detecting Fake News Using Deep Learning and NLP

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-133
Author(s):  
Uma Maheswari Sadasivam ◽  
Nitin Ganesan
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Reliable Information ◽  
Citizen Journalism ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Safe Place ◽  
The Social

Fake news is the word making more talk these days be it election, COVID 19 pandemic, or any social unrest. Many social websites have started to fact check the news or articles posted on their websites. The reason being these fake news creates confusion, chaos, misleading the community and society. In this cyber era, citizen journalism is happening more where citizens do the collection, reporting, dissemination, and analyse news or information. This means anyone can publish news on the social websites and lead to unreliable information from the readers' points of view as well. In order to make every nation or country safe place to live by holding a fair and square election, to stop spreading hatred on race, religion, caste, creed, also to have reliable information about COVID 19, and finally from any social unrest, we need to keep a tab on fake news. This chapter presents a way to detect fake news using deep learning technique and natural language processing.

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