Excitatory and inhibitory processes in primary motor cortex during the foreperiod of a warned reaction time task are unrelated to response expectancy

2009 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Sinclair ◽  
Geoffrey R. Hammond
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
Response Expectancy ◽  
Time Task

scholarly journals High Gamma and Beta Temporal Interference Stimulation in the Human Motor Cortex Improves Motor Functions

2022 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Ma ◽  
Xinzhao Xia ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Zhuo Lu ◽  
Qianying Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Human Motor

Background: Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is a new technique of non-invasive brain stimulation. Envelope-modulated waveforms with two high-frequency carriers can activate neurons in target brain regions without stimulating the overlying cortex, which has been validated in mouse brains. However, whether TI stimulation can work on the human brain has not been elucidated.Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the envelope-modulated waveform of TI stimulation on the human primary motor cortex (M1).Methods: Participants attended three sessions of 30-min TI stimulation during a random reaction time task (RRTT) or a serial reaction time task (SRTT). Motor cortex excitability was measured before and after TI stimulation.Results: In the RRTT experiment, only 70 Hz TI stimulation had a promoting effect on the reaction time (RT) performance and excitability of the motor cortex compared to sham stimulation. Meanwhile, compared with the sham condition, only 20 Hz TI stimulation significantly facilitated motor learning in the SRTT experiment, which was significantly positively correlated with the increase in motor evoked potential.Conclusion: These results indicate that the envelope-modulated waveform of TI stimulation has a significant promoting effect on human motor functions, experimentally suggesting the effectiveness of TI stimulation in humans for the first time and paving the way for further explorations.

scholarly journals High Gamma and Beta Temporal Interference Stimulation in the Human Motor Cortex Improves Motor Functions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Ma ◽  
Xinzhao Xia ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Zhuo Lu ◽  
Qianying Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Promoting Effect ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Human Motor Cortex ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Motor Cortex Excitability ◽  
Human Motor

Temporal interference (TI) stimulation is a new technique of noninvasive brain stimulation. Envelope-modulated waveforms with two high-frequency carriers can activate neurons in target brain regions without stimulating the overlying cortex, which has been validated in mouse brains. However, whether TI stimulation can work on the human brain has not been elucidate. In this study, this issue is investigated in the human primary motor cortex. Participants attended three sessions of TI stimulation during a random reaction time task (RRTT) or a serial reaction time task (SRTT). Motor cortex excitability was measured before and after TI stimulation. The results indicate that TI stimulation with different envelope frequencies influenced different motor functions. In the RRTT experiment, only 70 Hz TI stimulation had a promoting effect on the reaction time performance and excitability of the motor cortex compared to sham stimulation. Meanwhile, compared with the sham condition, only 20 Hz TI stimulation significantly facilitated motor learning in the SRTT experiment, which was significantly positively correlated with the increase in motor evoked potential. These results indicate that the envelope-modulated waveform of TI stimulation has a significant promoting effect on human motor functions, experimentally suggesting the effectiveness of TI stimulation in humans for the first time.

S8.5 Age-related differences in corticomotor excitability and inhibitory processes during a Go/NoGo reaction time task

2011 ◽  
Vol 122 ◽  
pp. S21
Author(s):  
H. Fujiyama ◽  
M. Hinder ◽  
M. Schmidt ◽  
C. Tandonnet ◽  
M. Garry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Corticomotor Excitability ◽  
Inhibitory Processes ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Age Related

scholarly journals Delay Activity in Rodent Frontal Cortex During a Simple Reaction Time Task

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2859-2871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandakumar S. Narayanan ◽  
Mark Laubach
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Simple Reaction Time Task ◽  
Simple Reaction ◽  
Time Task

To understand how different parts of the frontal cortex control the timing of action, we characterized the firing patterns of single neurons in two areas of rodent frontal cortex—dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) and motor cortex—during a simple reaction time task. Principal component analysis was used to identify major patterns of delay-related activity in frontal cortex: ramping activity and sustained delay activity. These patterns were similar in dmPFC and motor cortex and did not change as animals learned to respond at novel delays. Many neurons in both areas were modulated early in the delay period. Other neurons were modulated in a persistent manner over the duration of the delay period. Delay-related modulations started earlier in motor cortex than in dmPFC and terminated around different task events (at the time of release in dmPFC, just before release of the lever in motor cortex). A subpopulation of neurons was found in dmPFC, but not motor cortex, that fired in response to the trigger stimulus. These results suggest that populations of neurons in rodent frontal cortex are coordinated during delay periods to enable proactive inhibitory control of action.

scholarly journals Poststimulation time interval-dependent effects of motor cortex anodal tDCS on reaction-time task performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Molero-Chamizo ◽  
José R. Alameda Bailén ◽  
Tamara Garrido Béjar ◽  
Macarena García López ◽  
Inmaculada Jaén Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Anodal Tdcs ◽  
Time Task

Modeling Within-Person Variance in Reaction Time Data of Older Adults

GeroPsych ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rast ◽  
Daniel Zimprich
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Reaction Time Data ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Time Task ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Wave

In order to model within-person (WP) variance in a reaction time task, we applied a mixed location scale model using 335 participants from the second wave of the Zurich Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging. The age of the respondents and the performance in another reaction time task were used to explain individual differences in the WP variance. To account for larger variances due to slower reaction times, we also used the average of the predicted individual reaction time (RT) as a predictor for the WP variability. Here, the WP variability was a function of the mean. At the same time, older participants were more variable and those with better performance in another RT task were more consistent in their responses.

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