Visual Reaction Time: How it Relates to Body Mass Index, Dominant and Non-dominant Hand in Healthy Young Females

Reaction time is an indirect index of the processing speed of the central nervous system. It is affected by several factors including dominant and non-dominant hands and obesity. Obesity can be measured by body mass index. Thus, the aim of this study was to find out the relationship between body mass index, dominant and non-dominant hand with visual reaction time in healthy young females. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, among 89 females. The height and weight were recorded, and the body mass index was calculated. The subjects were divided into four groups, underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese according to WHO criteria. Visual reaction time was measured using the ruler drop method in milliseconds. The data were analyzed by using the paired t-test and one-way ANOVA using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22. Out of 89 participants, 26 (29.21%) were underweight, 47 (52.80%) had normal weight, 12 (13.48%) and four (4.49%) were overweight and obese with mean reaction time in the dominant hand and non-dominant hand were (176.75±16.68 vs. 186.58±16.21), (175.12±15.03 vs. 185.43±15.64), (188.74±16.07 vs. 190.70±17.88), and (200.7±9.77 vs. 210.50±9.50) respectively. All participants were right-handers. In right-handers, the right hand reacted faster than the left hand. Reaction time was prolonged in underweight, overweight,and obese; when compared with normal weight individuals. Our study showed that the reaction time of people appears to be influenced by body mass index, dominant, and non-dominant hand, which was an indirect measure of the sensory motor association.

Visual Reaction Time: A Tool for Reducing Road Traffic Collisions and Driving Simulator.

Objective- Attenuating post lockdown vehicular speed by employing visual reaction time as a tool to prime the citizens for creating decorum of driving and checking the road traffic fatalities.Background- It is indispensable to curb the driving speed post lockdown to avoid accidents. Even though, the impact of inactivity on RT has been well established, an insight into the new method can deal with the gross issue of road traffic casualty worldwide. Method- Using a web-based platform (http://physicsiology.com), quantification of post lockdown speed was achieved for 643 participants under average speed before lockdown and RT measurement. Results- Compared to pre lockdown vehicular speed, reduced post lockdown speed was well calculated and suggested. Also, there was a correlation between RT, age, and days of lockdown.Conclusions- Containment of speed can be achieved to prime people through RT. Additionally, RT can determine the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) for detecting the swiftness of action (i.e., the brain's ability to deal with the transition between reaction times of different events) required for averting road traffic collisions. Compelling to suggest a need for a humanoid simulator that can garner real-time data.Application- Suggesting a fresh outlook for designing a contraption for a better appraisal of the fleet in driving skills, thus beaconing the course towards restraining road traffic fatalities

CORRELATION OF GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS WITH AUDITORY AND VISUAL REACTION TIME IN DIABETICS

Relevance. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders wherein hyperglycemia occurs either due to lack of insulin secretion and/or reduced insulin sensitivity of the tissues. One of the commonest complications of diabetes is neuropathy and its severity will depend on how long and how high the hyperglycemia has been prevalent. Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes affects the peripheral nerves and slows psychomotor responses in persons who do not have proper glycemic control. This decreased psychomotor response because improper glycemic control affects the reaction time in diabetics. Objective: to assess and compare the auditory and visual reaction time in group-1 and group-2 diabetics and to correlate it with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in both the groups. Methods. The study was conducted on 60 subjects aged between 40-50 years after obtaining the permission of the ethical committee of our institution. The group consisted of 60 well-controlled diabetic patients (HbA1c < 7%) with a history of diabetes for 1-10 years attending the medical OPD of Basaveshwar teaching and general hospital, Gulbarga. Diabetics with HbA1c 5-6% were grouped as group-1 and those with HbA1c 6-7% as group 2. The visual reaction time for a green and red light and auditory reaction time for tone and click sound were measured by using reaction time apparatus 2x4, Anand agencies Pune. HbA1c was done by the micro-column method. Results. The visual and auditory reaction time of diabetics with HbA1c 5-6% was faster as compared to the diabetics with HbA1c 6-7% with P< 0.001 and a statistically significant positive correlation was found between HbA1c levels and the visual and auditory reaction time. Conclusion. Poor glycemic control slows psychomotor responses and thus affects the visual and auditory reaction time.

Study of Acute Effect of Caffeine on Cognition among Adults - A Cross Sectional Study from Puducherry, India

BACKGROUND Information processing has substantial role in performing intellectual activities such as thinking, reasoning, remembering, imagining, or learning. Caffeine being a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, improves mental performance, especially on alertness, attention, concentration and learning depending on the quantity of intake. In the present study, an attempt was made to study the effect of caffeine on cognitive processing in healthy individuals. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 subjects at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute. Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) questionnaire was utilized to assess the level of cognition of each subject. Visual reaction time (VRT), auditory reaction time (ART) and critical fusion frequency (CFF) prior and after consumption of 75 mg of caffeine in 200 ml of milk, pre and post reaction time measurement were taken from the subject to address the difference in reaction time. RESULTS Both visual and auditory reaction time were significantly reduced (P < 0.001) after intake of caffeine. The ability of the subject to appreciate the flickering light stimuli to be steady (critical flicker fusion frequency) had significantly improved to 15 % after caffeine intake. CONCLUSIONS Decrease in visual and auditory reaction and increase in critical flicker fusion frequency values indicate that caffeine increases alertness thereby it may enhance performance efficiency in reasoning, planning, judgment, organizing, concept formation, and problem solving. KEY WORDS Visual Reaction Time, Auditory Reaction Time, MoCA

AUDITORY REACTION TIME MEASUREMENT WITH OBSERVER-BASED PSYCHOPHYSICAL PROCEDURE

Reaction is defined as a behavioral response to a stimulus. The stimulus can be auditory or visual. Reaction time (RT) is determined as the time between the onset of the stimulus and response. According to this definition, the auditory RT is the time between the auditory stimulus and the response. Simple reaction time has been the subject of comparison of many different groups with both auditory and visual stimuli. When the simple auditory and visual RT in normal hearing individuals are compared, it has been observed that the auditory RT is faster than visual reaction. Auditory RT in womens's was observed slower than men. In many different studies, average values are 180-200 ms for visual RT and 140-160 ms for auditory RT with normal hearing and sighted individuals. Keywords: Reaction Time, Cochlear Implant, Hearing loss

TO STUDY THE RELATION BETWEEN BODY MASS INDEX AND MENSTRUAL PROBLEMS AND THEIR EFFECT ON AUDIOVISUAL REACTION TIME IN YOUNG FEMALES.

Background: Menstruation is an important part of female reproductive cycle. Menstrual problems can affect the normal life of adolescent and young women. Many factors play a role in regulation of normal menstruation like genetic, hormonal factors and Body Mass Index. Reaction time is the time taken by an individual to react to a stimulus. It is an indirect index of processing capabilities of the Central Nervous System and is affected by various factors. Aims & Objective: The present study was undertaken to see the relation between Body Mass Index and menstrual abnormalities and effect on Auditory and Visual reaction time in healthy young females (16-19 yrs.) with the help of Audiovisual reaction time apparatus. Method: 90 young female medical and paramedical students from Mahatma Gandhi Medical College, Jaipur, were selected for this study. A questionnaire was given to them regarding the menstrual status and any abnormalities in menstrual cycle. Students were divided into 3 groups according to their body mass index:- Group 1:- Normal(BMI 18.5 – 24.99 kg/m ), Group 2:- Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m ), Group 3:- 2 2 Overweight (BMI > 25 kg/m ). The reaction times were then noted by audiovisual reaction timer. It was observed that students with 2 Results: High or Low BMI were more likely to have an excessive amount of blood ow and long interval between menstrual cycle as compared to normal BMI group . Auditory Reaction Time (ART) and Visual Reaction Time (VRT) were assessed by using one – way ANOVAwith post – hoc Tukey's HSD test. Both Auditory Reaction Time and Visual Reaction Time were prolonged and highly signicant (p<0.0001) in underweight and overweight female groups in comparison to the normal BMI group. Conclusion: Thus Body Mass Index affects the normal menstrual cycle and the Audio-visual reaction time. Adolescent girls should have a healthy and balanced lifestyle to maintain normal BMI and menstrual cycle.

Effect of yogic relaxation technique on auditory and visual reaction times

Background: Human beings receive various types of stimuli in day to day life and respond to them accordingly. The time taken to receive a stimulus, it's processing and giving a response is different for every individual at minute level, in milliseconds. This time interval is called reaction time. Various yogic practices are found to influence the Reaction Time of individuals. Aim of the work was to evaluate the immediate effect of deep relaxation technique on auditory and visual reaction time.Methods: Auditory and visual reaction times have been measured using simple reaction time tasks in Inquisit software (version 4.0.10.0). 115 healthy yoga students from SVYASA Yoga university, between the age group of 20 to 50 years were taken for the study. Pre and post measurements of auditory reaction time and visual reaction time was done.10 minutes of pre-recorded DRT was given as intervention and immediately after that reaction times were measured.Results: There was a significant decline in the ART and VRT observed in the Post DRT condition. Statistical analysis was carried out using JASP software.Conclusions: The significant decrease in Auditory and Visual Reaction Time shows that DRT helps to increase the awareness and attention of individuals.

A comparative study of audio and visual reaction time in obese and non-obese subjects

Background: Reaction time provides indirect index of processing capability of CNS and also a means of determining sensorimotor performance. The present study was undertaken to study and compare audio and visual reaction time in healthy obese subjects with non-obese subjects. Aims and Objectives: This prospective study was undertaken to find out whether obesity in otherwise healthy individuals is associated with any alteration in auditory and visual reaction time. Materials and Methods: The study involved 100 subjects 50 obese (cases) and 50 non-obese (control) of both sexes within age group 18-60 years. The Anthropometric parameters under study are height in meters, weight in kg to calculate BMI. Then we measured auditory reaction time (ART) and visual reaction time (VRT) and compared in 2 groups. This comparative study was carried out in Dr. S.C.G.M.C, Vishnupuri, Nanded. Results: We have found that auditory and visual reaction time was longer in obese subjects than non-obese control. There was a significant increase in (P<0.05) ART to sufficient sound and significant increase in VRT(P<0.001) to yellow color. Conclusion: We conclude that there is evidence of sensory motor slowing and delay in CNS processing in obesity as suggested by increased reaction time to audiovisual stimuli.