Abstract
Background
Microorganisms, including Bacillus species are used to help control plant pathogens, thereby reducing reliance on synthetic pesticides in agriculture. Bacillus velezensis strain 1B-23 has been shown to reduce symptoms of bacterial disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in greenhouse-grown tomatoes, with in vitro studies implicating the lipopeptide surfactin as a key antimicrobial. While surfactin is known to be effective against many bacterial pathogens, it is inhibitory to a smaller proportion of fungi which nonetheless cause the majority of crop diseases. In addition, knowledge of optimal conditions for surfactin production in B. velezensis is lacking.
Results
Here, B. velezensis 1B-23 was shown to inhibit in vitro growth of 10 fungal strains including Candida albicans, Cochliobolus carbonum, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cylindrocarpon destructans Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Monilinia fructicola, and Rhizoctonia solani, as well as two strains of C. michiganensis michiganensis. Three of the fungal strains (C. carbonum, C. neoformans, and M. fructicola) and the bacterial strains were also inhibited by purified surfactin (surfactin C, or [Leu7] surfactin C15) from B. velezensis 1B-23. Optimal surfactin production occurred in vitro at a relatively low temperature (16 °C) and a slightly acidic pH of 6.0. In addition to surfactin, B. velenzensis also produced macrolactins, cyclic dipeptides and minor amounts of iturins which could be responsible for the bioactivity against fungal strains which were not inhibited by purified surfactin C.
Conclusions
Our study indicates that B. velezensis 1B-23 has potential as a biocontrol agent against both bacterial and fungal pathogens, and may be particularly useful in slightly acidic soils of cooler climates.
Surfactin Production, Biofilm Formation and Antagonistic Activity Against Phytopathogens by Bacillus velezensis
