Long-Term Trends of Carbon Monoxide Total Columnar Amount in Urban Areas and Background Regions: Ground- and Satellite-based Spectroscopic Measurements

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 785-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pucai Wang ◽  
N. F. Elansky ◽  
Yu. M. Timofeev ◽  
Gengchen Wang ◽  
G. S. Golitsyn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spectroscopic Measurements ◽  
Long Term Trends

Long term trends of methane, non methane hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide in urban atmosphere

2015 ◽  
Vol 518-519 ◽  
pp. 595-604
Author(s):  
Ezaz Ahmed ◽  
Ki-Hyun Kim ◽  
Eui-Chan Jeon ◽  
Richard J.C. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
Long Term Trends

Long-Term Trends in Motor Vehicle Emissions in U.S. Urban Areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (17) ◽  
pp. 10022-10031 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. McDonald ◽  
Drew R. Gentner ◽  
Allen H. Goldstein ◽  
Robert A. Harley
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Long Term Trends

scholarly journals Internal consistency of the IAGOS ozone and carbon monoxide measurements for the last 25 years

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Blot ◽  
Philippe Nedelec ◽  
Damien Boulanger ◽  
Pawel Wolff ◽  
Bastien Sauvage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
European Research ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract. The In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System is a European research infrastructure that equips Airbus A340/330 with a system for monitoring atmospheric composition. The IAGOS instruments have three different configurations: IAGOS-CORE, IAGOS-MOZAIC and IAGOS-CARIBIC. Since 1994, there have been a total of 17 aircraft equipped. In this study, we perform an inter-comparison of about 8000 landing and take-off profiles to compare the O3 and CO measurements performed from these different configurations. The collocated profiles used in the study met various selection criteria. The first was a maximal 1 hour time difference between an ascent or descent by two different aircraft at the same airport and the second was a selection based on the similarity of air masses based on the meteorological data acquired by the aircraft. We provide here an evaluation of the internal consistency of the O3 and CO measurements since 1994. For both O3 and CO, we find no drift in the bias amongst the different instrument units (6 O3 and 6 CO IAGOS-MOZAIC instruments, 9 IAGOS-CORE Package 1 and the 2 instruments used in the IAGOS-CARIBIC aircraft). This results gives us confidence that the entire IAGOS data base can be treated as one continuous program, and is therefore appropriate for studies of long-term trends.

scholarly journals Local government in England: evolution and long-term trends

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Parr
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends

This paper traces the history of local government in England (as opposed to the United Kingdom) since the early nineteenth century, and explores five long-term trends in its evolution. These are path dependence; the occurrence of major structural change; the phenomenon of policy reversal; the treatment of urban areas; and resistance to regional government. The author concludes that throughout the period under study, policy towards local government has exhibited a ‘pendulum effect’, with two opposing emphases operating in a sequential, rather than a simultaneous manner.

scholarly journals Internal consistency of the IAGOS ozone and carbon monoxide measurements for the last 25 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 3935-3951
Author(s):  
Romain Blot ◽  
Philippe Nedelec ◽  
Damien Boulanger ◽  
Pawel Wolff ◽  
Bastien Sauvage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Internal Consistency ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
European Research ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Civil Aircraft ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract. The In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) is a European research infrastructure that equips the Airbus A340/330 with a system for monitoring atmospheric composition. The IAGOS instruments have three different configurations: IAGOS-Core, IAGOS – Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In Service Aircraft (IAGOS-MOZAIC) and IAGOS – Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container (IAGOS-CARIBIC). Since 1994, there have been a total of 17 aircraft equipped. In this study, we perform an intercomparison of about 8000 landing and takeoff profiles to compare the O3 and CO measurements performed from these different configurations. The collocated profiles used in the study met various selection criteria. The first was a maximal 1 h time difference between an ascent or descent by two different aircraft at the same airport and the second was a selection based on the similarity of air masses based on the meteorological data acquired by the aircraft. We provide here an evaluation of the internal consistency of the O3 and CO measurements since 1994. For both O3 and CO, we find no drift in the bias amongst the different instrument units (six O3 and six CO IAGOS-MOZAIC instruments, nine IAGOS-Core Package1 and the two instruments used in the IAGOS-CARIBIC aircraft). This result gives us confidence that the entire IAGOS database can be treated as one continuous program and is therefore appropriate for studies of long-term trends.

Long-term trends of tropospheric carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide from analysis of high resolution infrared solar spectra

2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Curtis P. Rinsland ◽  
Aaron Goldman ◽  
James W. Hannigan ◽  
Stephen W. Wood ◽  
Linda S. Chiou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Long Term Trends

scholarly journals Long-term trends in NO2 exposure and associated pediatric asthma impacts in urban areas worldwide

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Anenberg ◽  
M. Brauer ◽  
P. Hystad ◽  
K. Burkart ◽  
D. Goldberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Pediatric Asthma ◽  
Long Term Trends

scholarly journals Public Policy and Long-Term Trends in Inequality in Rural China

2020 ◽  
pp. 169-200
Author(s):  
Hisatoshi Hoken ◽  
Hiroshi Sato
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Rural Income ◽  
Public Transfers ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Wage Earnings

This chapter examines long-term changes in rural household incomes, inequality, and poverty in China from the late 1980s to 2013, with a focus on changes in public policy and the structure of rural incomes from 2007 to 2013. Implementation of pro-rural (huinong) policies during the first decade of the 2000s marked a historic shift in public policy, which previously was heavily biased toward the urban areas. Rural income growth accelerated between 2007 and 2013 mainly because of an upsurge of wage earnings, asset income, and imputed rent from owner-occupied housing. The share of agricultural income in total income fell to a historic low. These shifts contributed to the increase in rural income inequality from 2007 to 2013. During this period rural poverty continued to decline. The implementation of pro-rural public policies after 2000 led to small but significant improvements in the redistributive impact of public transfers.

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