<p>In the Martian atmosphere, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) clouds have been revealed by numerous instruments around Mars from the beginning of the XXI century. These observed clouds can be distinguished by two kinds involving different formation processes: those formed during the winter in polar regions located in the troposphere, and those formed during the Martian year at low- and mid-northern latitudes located in the mesosphere (M&#228;&#228;att&#228;nen et al, 2013). Microphysical processes of the formation of these clouds are still not fully understood. However, modeling studies revealed processes necessary for their formation: the requirement of waves that perturb the atmosphere leading to a temperature below the condensation of CO<sub>2</sub> (transient planetary waves for tropospheric clouds (Kuroda et al., 20123), thermal tides (Gonzalez-Galindo et al., 2011) and gravity waves for mesospheric clouds (Spiga et al., 2012)). In the last decade, a state-of-the-art microphysical column (1D) model for CO<sub>2</sub> clouds in a Martian atmosphere was developed at Laboratoire Atmosph&#232;res, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS) (Listowski et al., 2013, 2014). We use our full microphysical model of CO<sub>2</sub> cloud formation to investigate the occurrence of these CO<sub>2</sub> clouds by coupling it with the Global Climate Model (GCM) of the Laboratoire de M&#233;t&#233;orologie Dynamique (LMD) (Forget et al., 1999). We recently activated the radiative impact of CO<sub>2</sub> clouds in the atmosphere. Last modeling results on Martian CO<sub>2</sub> clouds properties and their impacts on the atmosphere will be presented and be compared to observational data.</p>
The freshwater balance of polar regions in transient simulations from 1500 to 2100 AD using a comprehensive coupled climate model
