367 Background: To determine whether adjuvant chemotherapy (ACH) influences cancer-specific mortality, bladder cancer-specific mortality, and other-cause mortality in patients with locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) following radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) through the use of competing risk analysis. Methods: Among 785 patients with UTUC who underwent RNU from 1994 through 2015, we analyzed 338 individuals with locally advanced UTUC (pathologic T3–T4 and/or positive lymph nodes) without distant metastases. Patients were classified into two groups according to receipt of ACH. The study endpoints were UTUC-, bladder cancer- and other cause-specific survivals. The association of potential risk factors with outcome was tested with the Fine and Gray regression model. Results: Overall, 42.6% (n = 144) received ACH following RNU. During a median follow-up duration of 31.5 months, rates of UTUC-, bladder cancer-, and other cause-mortalities were 32.5% (n = 110), 5.0% (n = 17), and 4.1% (n = 14), respectively. Of note, there were no significant differences in overall survival between the observation and ACH groups according to the competing risks of death (UTUC, bladder cancer, and other causes of death). Multivariate analysis showed that only older age at surgery (≥ 65 years; hazard ratio [HR] = 1.71) and positive resection margin (HR = 7.25) remained as poor predictors of UTUC-specific and bladder cancer-specific survival, respectively. Additionally, no factors were identified as independent predictors of other causes of death. Conclusions: In summary, through competing risk analysis, we demonstrated that postoperative chemotherapy did not improve UTUC-specific and bladder-cancer specific survival, nor other cause-specific survival, in patients with locally advanced UTUC who underwent RNU. These results can offer practical information for clinicians regarding treatment decision making in these patients, who are at high risk of death due to competing causes.
Correction to: Nomogram predicting cancer-specific mortality in early-onset rectal cancer: a competing risk analysis
