Kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic adaptation to speed and resistance in double poling cross country skiing

2012 ◽  
Vol 113 (6) ◽  
pp. 1385-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny Nilsson ◽  
Fredrik Tinmark ◽  
Kjartan Halvorsen ◽  
Anton Arndt
Keyword(s):  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals Comparison of Exclusive Double Poling to Classic Techniques of Cross-country Skiing

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
THOMAS STÖGGL ◽  
OLLI OHTONEN ◽  
MASAKI TAKEDA ◽  
NAOTO MIYAMOTO ◽  
CORY SNYDER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals Is There an Optimal Pole Length for Double Poling in Cross Country Skiing?

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franziska Onasch ◽  
Anthony Killick ◽  
Walter Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Acute Study ◽  
Ground Contact Time ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Given

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pole length on energy cost and kinematics in cross country double poling. Seven sub-elite male athletes were tested using pole sets of different lengths (ranging between 77% and 98% of participants’ body height). Tests were conducted on a treadmill, set to a 2% incline and an approximate racing speed. Poling forces, contact times, and oxygen uptake were measured throughout the testing. Pole length was positively correlated with ground contact time (r = .57, p < .001) and negatively correlated with poling frequency (r = −.48, p = .003). Pole length was also positively correlated with pole recovery time and propulsive impulse produced per poling cycle (r = .36, p = .031; r = .35, p = .042, respectively). Oxygen uptake and pole length were negatively correlated (r = −.51, p = .004). This acute study shows that increasing pole length for double poling in sub-elite cross country skiers under the given conditions seems to change the poling mechanics in distinct ways, resulting in a more efficient poling action by decreasing an athlete’s metabolic cost.

Arm, Trunk and Leg Contributions to Double Poling Performance in Cross-Country Skiing

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S14
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Smith ◽  
Johnny Nilsson ◽  
Bent Kvamme ◽  
Jarle Ure ◽  
Frank Ingjer
Keyword(s):  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

scholarly journals The Influence of Pole Length on Performance, O2 Cost, and Kinematics in Double Poling

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Losnegard ◽  
Håvard Myklebust ◽  
Øyvind Skattebo ◽  
Hans Kristian Stadheim ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Vertical Range ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Identical Test

Purpose:In the double-poling (DP) cross-country-skiing technique, propulsive forces are transferred solely through the poles. The aim of the current study was to investigate how pole length influences DP performance, O2 cost, and kinematics during treadmill roller skiing.Methods:Nine male competitive cross-country skiers (24 ± 3 y, 180 ± 5 cm, 72 ± 5 kg, VO2max running 76 ± 6 mL · kg–1 · min–1) completed 2 identical test protocols using self-selected (84% ± 1% of body height) and long poles (self-selected + 7.5 cm; 88% ± 1% of body height) in a counterbalanced fashion. Each test protocol included a 5-min warm-up (2.5 m/s; 2.5°) and three 5-min submaximal sessions (3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 m/s; 2.5°) for assessment of O2 cost, followed by a selfpaced 1000-m time trial (~3 min, >5.0 m/s; 2.5°). Temporal patterns and kinematics were assessed using accelerometers and 2D video.Results:Long poles reduced 1000-m time (mean ± 90% confidence interval; –1.0% ± 0.7%, P = .054) and submaximal O2 cost (–2.7% ± 1.0%, P = .002) compared with self-selected poles. The center-of-mass (CoM) vertical range of displacement tended to be smaller for long than for self-selected poles (23.3 ± 3.0 vs 24.3 ± 3.0 cm, P = .07). Cycle and reposition time did not differ between pole lengths at any speeds tested, whereas poling time tended to be shorter for self-selected than for long poles at the lower speeds (≤3.5 m/s, P ≤ .10) but not at the higher speeds (≥4.0 m/s, P ≥ .23).Conclusions:DP 1000-m time, submaximal O2 cost, and CoM vertical range of displacement were reduced in competitive cross-country skiers using poles 7.5 cm longer than self-selected ones.

Double Poling Kinematics and Performance in Cross-Country Skiing

1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald A. Smith ◽  
Jon B. Fewster ◽  
Steven M. Braudt
Keyword(s):  
Cycle Length ◽  
Slope Movement ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Considerable Variability ◽  
Trunk Flexion ◽  
Shoulder Flexion ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Performance

Olympic skiers in the women's 30-km race were analyzed as they double poled on a moderate downhill slope. Movement patterns of 20 skiers were analyzed 10 from a top finishing group and 10 from slower finishers in the bottom third of the field. Skiers in the faster group not only were faster overall in the race but were faster as they double poled through the site (6.75 vs. 6.43 m/s). Cycle length was significantly correlated with cycle velocity (r = .81). Trunk flexion and shoulder extension during poling were similar between groups; however, considerable variability of shoulder positioning was noted for both groups of skiers. Distinct shoulder-elbow-pole positioning differences were noted among skiers. Disadvantageous positionin» of the shoulder at the beginning of poling was related to poorer pole inclination during elbow extension. While many skiers in both fast and slow groups double poled with good positioning, others would benefit from greater shoulder flexion to maximize double poling performance.

scholarly journals Laboratory- and field-based performance-predictions in cross-country skiing and roller-skiing

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. e0256662
Author(s):  
Rune Kjøsen Talsnes ◽  
Guro Strøm Solli ◽  
Jan Kocbach ◽  
Per-Øyvind Torvik ◽  
Øyvind Sandbakk
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Performance Indices ◽  
Performance Predictions ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Individual Distance ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
And Performance

The purpose of the present study was to investigate how various laboratory- and field-based tests predict on-snow cross-country (XC) skiing and roller-skiing performance. Thirty-three national-level male XC skiers (19.0±2.5 years, maximal oxygen uptake [VO2max] 70.8±4.7 mL·min-1·kg-1) performed a 13.6-km roller-ski skating competition tracked by a global positioning system (GPS), which together with individual distance International Ski Federation (FIS) points was used to assess their performance level. On separate days, time in a 6.4-km uphill running time-trial (RUN-TT) and 1.3-km uphill roller-ski double-poling time-trial (DP-TT) was measured in the field and performance indices determined while running and roller-ski skating in the laboratory. The mean finishing times for the RUN-TT and the DP-TT showed moderate to large correlations with distance FIS points and performance in the roller-ski skating competition (r = 0.56–0.72; all p<0.05). RUN-TT was more strongly correlated with distance FIS points than DP-TT (r = 0.72 versus 0.56; p<0.05). Performance indices and VO2max in incremental running and roller-ski skating in the laboratory showed large to very large correlations with distance FIS points and roller-skiing performance (r = 0.50–0.90; all p<0.05). Performance indices and VO2max in running tended to be more strongly correlated with roller-skiing performance than corresponding values obtained while roller-ski skating (all p<0.10). The present findings suggest that both laboratory performance indices and field-based performance tests provide valid predictions of XC skiing and roller-skiing performance in a heterogeneous group of male XC skiers, with test values obtained in running tending to be more strongly correlated with XC skiing performance than those found for technique-specific modalities on roller skis. However, more sophisticated and mode-specific testing might be required for more homogenous groups of elite XC skiers.

The effectiveness of stretch–shortening cycling in upper-limb extensor muscles during elite cross-country skiing with the double-poling technique

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1512-1519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Zoppirolli ◽  
Hans-Christer Holmberg ◽  
Barbara Pellegrini ◽  
Diego Quaglia ◽  
Lorenzo Bortolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Poling Technique

Changes in upper body muscle activity with increasing double poling velocities in elite cross-country skiing

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Josef Lindinger ◽  
Hans-Christer Holmberg ◽  
Erich Müller ◽  
Walter Rapp
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Body Muscle ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Cross Country

Pole force and inertial measurements to analyze cross-country skiing performance in field conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 232 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-333
Author(s):  
Antti Nikkola ◽  
Olli Särkkä ◽  
Saku Suuriniemi ◽  
Lauri Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Force Measurement ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Speed Measurement ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Double Poling ◽  
Cross Country Skiing ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Inertial Measurements

This study investigates the fusion of pole force measurement, inertial speed measurement, and video analysis to determine cross-country skiing performance in field conditions. As a proof of concept, a preliminary study was performed with different grip designs and double poling technique. The test showed that with exploiting inertial measurements, the average speed could be determined for any number of full cycles or separately for each cycle, which may be difficult with other methods in field conditions. The exploited measurements were appropriate for determining the key characteristics of the double poling cycle, which along with the estimated speed data can be used for comparing skiing economy, determining maximum performance, and finding differences in ski equipment.

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