PSIII-12 The effect of maternal dietary isoflavone supplementation and infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on the growth performance of offspring

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of maternal infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) on piglet prenatal development and pre-weaning growth, and the potential for isoflavone supplementation to alleviate these effects. First parity gilts (n = 24) at gestational day (GD) 65 were allotted to one of three treatments: uninfected and fed a diet devoid of isoflavones (CON), infected with PRRSV and fed the control diet (POS), or infected with PRRSV and fed a diet supplemented with 1,500 ppm soy isoflavones (ISF). Gilts were inoculated intranasally with saline or 2.5×104 TCID50/mL of suspended live PRRSV (NADC20 strain) on GD 70. To determine the effects of PRRSV infection in sows, feed intake (GD 70–114) and rectal temperatures (GD 70–91) were recorded daily, while serum TNF-α concentrations were measured weekly. After farrowing (GD 114 ± 2), two piglets closest to the average litter weight were culled either at birth or weaning (21 d of age) to determine body, muscle, and organ weights of offspring pigs. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed on left semitendinosus muscles for determination of muscle cell number and size at each time-point. At birth, whole body, muscle, and organ weights were not different (P > 0.22) between groups except that relative liver weight was increased (P < 0.05) in POS compared with CON piglets. At weaning, ISF reduced (P ≤ 0.05) whole body and muscle weights, but greater (P < 0.05) kidney weight compared with CON, and greater (P < 0.05) relative liver weight compared with CON or POS. However, muscle fiber number and size were not different (P > 0.39) between groups at either time-point. These results suggest maternal PRRSV infection altered offspring organ growth, but dietary ISF did not alleviate the detrimental effects of PRRSV infection in sows or offspring.

Anthropometric and Body Composition Differences Among Genotype Controlled Indigenous Adult Kiwcha Natives Living at Low (230 M) and High Altitude (3,800 M) in Ecuador

Background: Anthropometric measures have been classically used to understand the impact of environmental factors on the living conditions of individuals and populations. Most reference studies on development and growth in which anthropometric measures were used were carried out in populations that are located at sea level but there are few studies carried out in high altitude populationsObjective: The objective of this study is to evaluate anthropometric and body composition in autochthonous Kiwchas permanently living at low and high-altitude.Methodology: A cross-sectional study of anthropometric and body composition between genetically matched lowland Kiwchas from Limoncocha (230 m) at Amazonian basin and high-altitude Kiwchas from Oyacachi (3,180 m) in Andean highlands. Student’s t-test was used to analyze differences between continue variables and Chi square test was performed to check the association or independence of categorical variables. Fisher´s exact test or Spearman test were used when the variable had evident asymmetries with histograms prior to the selection of the test. Results: Our study shows that low altitude women are shorter and heavier, but these differences are not statistically significant (p value 0.333) on the other hand high altitude men are shorter than their counterparts who live at low altitude with a p value 0.019. In relation to body muscle %, women at high altitudes have less body muscle % (-24.8%) while men at high altitudes have significantly more muscle body mass % (+ 13.5%) than their lowland counterpart. Body fat % is lower among low altitude women (-15.5%) and no differences were found among men.Conclusions: This is the first study to be performed in two genotyped controlled matching populations located at different altitudes. The anthropometric differences vary according to sex, demonstrating that high altitude population are in general lighter and shorter than their low altitude controls. Men at high altitude have more muscled bodies than their lowland counterpart but their body age was older than their real age.

Anabolic Function Downstream of TOR Controls Trade-offs Between Longevity and Reproduction at the Level of Specific Tissues in C. elegans

As the most energetically expensive cellular process, translation must be finely tuned to environmental conditions. Dietary restriction attenuates signaling through the nutrient sensing mTOR pathway, which reduces translation and redirects resources to preserve the soma. These responses are associated with increased lifespan but also anabolic impairment, phenotypes also observed when translation is genetically suppressed. Here, we restricted translation downstream of mTOR separately in major tissues in C. elegans to better understand their roles in systemic adaptation and whether consequences to anabolic impairment were separable from positive effects on lifespan. Lowering translation in neurons, hypodermis, or germline tissue led to increased lifespan under well-fed conditions and improved survival upon withdrawal of food, indicating that these are key tissues coordinating enhanced survival when protein synthesis is reduced. Surprisingly, lowering translation in body muscle during development shortened lifespan while accelerating and increasing reproduction, a reversal of phenotypic trade-offs associated with systemic translation suppression. Suppressing mTORC1 selectively in body muscle also increased reproduction while slowing motility during development. In nature, this may be indicative of reduced energy expenditure related to foraging, acting as a “GO!” signal for reproduction. Together, results indicate that low translation in different tissues helps direct distinct systemic adaptations and suggest that unknown endocrine signals mediate these responses. Furthermore, mTOR or translation inhibitory therapeutics that target specific tissues may achieve desired interventions to aging without loss of whole-body anabolism.

Body muscle gain and markers of cardiovascular disease susceptibility in young adulthood: A cohort study

Background The potential benefits of gaining body muscle for cardiovascular disease (CVD) susceptibility, and how these compare with the potential harms of gaining body fat, are unknown. We compared associations of early life changes in body lean mass and handgrip strength versus body fat mass with atherogenic traits measured in young adulthood. Methods and findings Data were from 3,227 offspring of the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (39% male; recruited in 1991–1992). Limb lean and total fat mass indices (kg/m2) were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans performed at age 10, 13, 18, and 25 y (across clinics occurring from 2001–2003 to 2015–2017). Handgrip strength was measured at 12 and 25 y, expressed as maximum grip (kg or lb/in2) and relative grip (maximum grip/weight in kilograms). Linear regression models were used to examine associations of change in standardised measures of these exposures across different stages of body development with 228 cardiometabolic traits measured at age 25 y including blood pressure, fasting insulin, and metabolomics-derived apolipoprotein B lipids. SD-unit gain in limb lean mass index from 10 to 25 y was positively associated with atherogenic traits including very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides. This pattern was limited to lean gain in legs, whereas lean gain in arms was inversely associated with traits including VLDL triglycerides, insulin, and glycoprotein acetyls, and was also positively associated with creatinine (a muscle product and positive control). Furthermore, this pattern for arm lean mass index was specific to SD-unit gains occurring between 13 and 18 y, e.g., −0.13 SD (95% CI −0.22, −0.04) for VLDL triglycerides. Changes in maximum and relative grip from 12 to 25 y were both positively associated with creatinine, but only change in relative grip was also inversely associated with atherogenic traits, e.g., −0.12 SD (95% CI −0.18, −0.06) for VLDL triglycerides per SD-unit gain. Change in fat mass index from 10 to 25 y was more strongly associated with atherogenic traits including VLDL triglycerides, at 0.45 SD (95% CI 0.39, 0.52); these estimates were directionally consistent across sub-periods, with larger effect sizes with more recent gains. Associations of lean, grip, and fat measures with traits were more pronounced among males. Study limitations include potential residual confounding of observational estimates, including by ectopic fat within muscle, and the absence of grip measures in adolescence for estimates of grip change over sub-periods. Conclusions In this study, we found that muscle strengthening, as indicated by grip strength gain, was weakly associated with lower atherogenic trait levels in young adulthood, at a smaller magnitude than unfavourable associations of fat mass gain. Associations of muscle mass gain with such traits appear to be smaller and limited to gains occurring in adolescence. These results suggest that body muscle is less robustly associated with markers of CVD susceptibility than body fat and may therefore be a lower-priority intervention target.

MUSCLE FLEXIBILITY AND EXPLOSIVE POWER IN YOUNG ARTISTIC GYMNAST BOYS AT DIFFERENT PERFORMANCE LEVEL

A gymnast can not succeed without enough muscle strength and endurance. The aim of this study was to determine the differences between explosive power and flexibility in young boy gymnasts at different performance levels. Ninety-five young boys who participated in this study were divided into three groups: two artistic gymnast groups (N=53) and a sedentary (N=42) group. Artistic gymnasts were classified by their performance level and sports history to an elite (E, N=15) and/or a non-elite (Ne, N=38) group. The explosive power of subjects was determined via vertical and standing long jumps. The sit and reach flexibility test was used to determine lower body muscle flexibility. Our results showed that explosive power and flexibility test records were significantly different among the three groups (P≤0.001). They led to a conclusion that sport specific exercise training resulted in a concurrent improvement in explosive power and flexibility of young gymnasts.