Advantage of audition over vision in a perceptual timing task but not in a sensorimotor timing task

2019 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 2046-2056
Author(s):  
Li Gu ◽  
Yingyu Huang ◽  
Xiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Timing Task ◽  
Perceptual Timing

Research on Current Situations for Functional Classification of Timing

2016 ◽  
pp. 222-235
Author(s):  
Zhihan Xu ◽  
Qiong Wu ◽  
Chunlin Li ◽  
Yujie Li ◽  
Hongbin Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Processing ◽  
Motor Response ◽  
Functional Classification ◽  
Explicit Timing ◽  
Implicit Timing ◽  
Timing Task ◽  
The Neural Networks ◽  
Perceptual Timing ◽  
Different Time Scales

Time is a fundamental variable that must be quantified by organisms to survive. Depending on the previous functional definition, timing can be divided into explicit timing and implicit timing. For an explicit timing task, the estimation of the stimulus duration is given in the form of perceptual discrimination (perceptual timing) or a motor response (motor timing). For implicit timing, participants can subconsciously (exogenous) or consciously (endogenous) establish temporal expectation. However, the ability of humans to explicitly or implicitly direct attention in time varies with age. Moreover, specific brain mechanisms have been suggested for temporal processing of different time scales (microseconds, hundreds of milliseconds, seconds to minutes, and circadian rhythms). Furthermore, there have been numerous research studies on the neural networks involved in explicit timing during the measurement of sub-second and supra-second intervals.

Timing, Storage, and Comparison of Stimulus Duration Engage Discrete Anatomical Components of a Perceptual Timing Network

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2185-2197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer T. Coull ◽  
Bruno Nazarian ◽  
Franck Vidal
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Duration ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Temporal Discrimination ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Encoding ◽  
Perceptual Timing ◽  
The Right

The temporal discrimination paradigm requires subjects to compare the duration of a probe stimulus to that of a sample previously stored in working or long-term memory, thus providing an index of timing that is independent of a motor response. However, the estimation process itself comprises several component cognitive processes, including timing, storage, retrieval, and comparison of durations. Previous imaging studies have attempted to disentangle these components by simply measuring brain activity during early versus late scanning epochs. We aim to improve the temporal resolution and precision of this approach by using rapid event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to time-lock the hemodynamic response to presentation of the sample and probe stimuli themselves. Compared to a control (color-estimation) task, which was matched in terms of difficulty, sustained attention, and motor preparation requirements, we found selective activation of the left putamen for the storage (“encoding”) of stimulus duration into working memory (WM). Moreover, increased putamen activity was linked to enhanced timing performance, suggesting that the level of putamen activity may modulate the depth of temporal encoding. Retrieval and comparison of stimulus duration in WM selectively activated the right superior temporal gyrus. Finally, the supplementary motor area was equally active during both sample and probe stages of the task, suggesting a fundamental role in timing the duration of a stimulus that is currently unfolding in time.

scholarly journals Prefrontal D1 dopamine-receptor neurons and delta resonance in interval timing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Cho Kim ◽  
Nandakumar S. Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Interval Timing ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Performance Deficits ◽  
Timing Task ◽  
Memory Flexibility ◽  
Receptor Neurons

AbstractConsiderable evidence has shown that prefrontal neurons expressing D1-type dopamine receptors (D1DRs) are critical for working memory, flexibility, and timing. This line of work predicts that frontal neurons expressing D1DRs mediate cognitive processing. During timing tasks, one form this cognitive processing might take is time-dependent ramping activity — monotonic changes in firing rate over time. Thus, we hypothesized the prefrontal D1DR+ neurons would strongly exhibited time-dependent ramping during interval timing. We tested this idea using an interval-timing task in which we used optogenetics to tag D1DR+ neurons in the mouse medial frontal cortex (MFC). While 23% of MFC D1DR+ neurons exhibited ramping, this was significantly less than untagged MFC D1DR+ neurons. By contrast, MFC D1DR+ neurons had strong delta-frequency (1-4 Hz) coherence with other MFC ramping neurons. This coherence was phase-locked to cue onset and was strongest early in the interval. To test the significance of these interactions, we optogenetically stimulated MFC D1DR+ neurons early vs. late in the interval. We found that 2-Hz stimulation early in the interval was particularly effective in rescuing timing-related behavioral performance deficits in dopamine-depleted animals. These findings provide insight into MFC networks and have relevance for disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia.Significance StatementPrefrontal D1DRs are involved in cognitive processing and cognitive dysfunction in human diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia. We use optogenetics to identify these neurons, as well as neurons that are putatively connected to MFC D1DR+ neurons. We study these neurons in detail during an elementary cognitive task. These data could have relevance for cognitive deficits for Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, and other diseases involving frontal dopamine.

Timing and Force Control Deficits in Clumsy Children

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 367-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie Lundy-Ekman ◽  
Richard Ivry ◽  
Steven Keele ◽  
Marjorie Woollacott
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Force Control ◽  
Isometric Force ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Movement Timing ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
Perceptual Timing ◽  
Assessment Procedures

This study investigated the link between cognitive processes and neural structures involved in motor control. Children identified as clumsy through clinical assessment procedures were tested on tasks involving movement timing, perceptual timing, and force control. The clumsy children were divided into two groups: those with soft neurological signs associated with cerebellar dysfunction and those with soft neurological signs associated with dysfunction of the basal ganglia. A control group of age-matched children who did not exhibit evidence of clumsiness or soft neurological signs was also tested. The results showed a double dissociation between the two groups of clumsy children and the tests of timing and force. Clumsy children with cerebellar signs were more variable when attempting to tap a series of equal intervals. They were also more variable on the time perception task, indicating a deficit in motor and perceptual timing. The clumsy children with basal ganglia signs were unimpaired on the timing tasks. However, they were more variable in controlling the amplitude of isometric force pulses. These results support the hypothesis that the control of time and force are separate components of coordination and that these computations are dependent on different neural systems.

scholarly journals Explicit and Implicit Timing of Short Time Intervals: Using the Same Method

Perception ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Mojtaba Soltanlou ◽  
Mohammad Ali Nazari ◽  
Parisa Vahidi ◽  
Parvin Nemati
Keyword(s):  
Time Estimation ◽  
Implicit Time ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Opposite Pattern ◽  
Explicit Timing ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
Implicit Timing ◽  
Timing Task ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Up until now, there has been no study conducted in the field of time perception using very short intervals for a direct comparison between implicit and explicit timing tasks in order to uncover plausibly different underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare human time estimation during implicit and explicit timing tasks with short intervals and the same method. A total of 81 adults were divided into three groups and completed two tasks with one of three different intervals: 500, 1,000, and 2,000 ms. The results revealed an overestimation for all three intervals of the implicit timing task, while participants overestimated 500 ms but underestimated 1,000 and 2,000 ms intervals of the explicit timing task. Moreover, explicit time estimation was more precise than implicit time estimation. We observed the opposite pattern as compared to a few previous studies with long intervals: Short intervals were perceived longer in the implicit timing task as compared to the explicit timing task. We concluded that nontemporal contents represent passing time during the implicit timing task but unlike temporal dimension during the explicit timing task. Therefore, even the same method of measurement led to a different performance in implicit and explicit timing tasks.

Rule Formation in a Rapid-Timing Task: A Test of Schema Theory

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susann G. Doody ◽  
Howard N. Zelaznik
Keyword(s):  
Schema Theory ◽  
Timing Task
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