Closing the door to false memory: the effects of levels-of-processing and stimulus type on the rejection of perceptually vs. semantically dissimilar distractors

Psychological Research ◽

10.1007/s00426-021-01544-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marek Nieznański ◽

Michał Obidziński

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Verbal Material ◽

Levels Of Processing ◽

Pictorial Material ◽

Semantic Level ◽

Study Materials ◽

Study Results ◽

Retrieval Monitoring ◽

Level Of Processing ◽

Concrete Words

AbstractFalse recognition memory for nonstudied items that share features with targets can be reduced by retrieval monitoring mechanisms. The recall-to-reject process, for example, involves the recollection of information about studied items that disqualifies inconsistent test probes. Monitoring for specific features during retrieval may be enhanced by an encoding orientation that is recapitulated during retrieval. In two experiments, we used concrete words or door scenes as materials and manipulated the level of processing at study and the type of distractors presented at test. We showed that for the verbal material, semantic level of processing at study results in an effective rejection of semantically inconsistent distractors. However, for the pictorial material, the perceptual level of processing leads to an effective rejection of perceptually inconsistent distractors. For targets, the effect of levels of processing was observed for words but not for pictures. The results suggest that retrieval monitoring mechanisms depend on interactions between encoding orientation, study materials, and differentiating features of distractors.

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Levels of Processing Affect Perceptual Features in Visual Associative Memory

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797620965519 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 267-279

Author(s):

Rebecca Ovalle-Fresa ◽

Arif Sinan Uslu ◽

Nicolas Rothen

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Associative Memory ◽

Current Literature ◽

Semantic Processing ◽

Verbal Material ◽

Cued Recall ◽

Visual Features ◽

Levels Of Processing ◽

Perceptual Features ◽

Different Levels

The levels of processing (LOP) account has inspired thousands of studies with verbal material. The few studies investigating levels of processing with nonverbal stimuli used images with nameable objects that, like meaningful words, lend themselves to semantic processing. Thus, nothing is known about the effects of different levels of processing on basic visual perceptual features, such as color. Across four experiments, we tested 187 participants to investigate whether the LOP framework also applies to basic perceptual features in visual associative memory. For Experiments 1 and 2, we developed a paradigm to investigate recognition memory for associations of basic visual features. Participants had to memorize object–color associations (Experiment 1) and fractal–color associations (Experiment 2, to suppress verbalization). In Experiments 3 and 4, we extended our account to cued recall. All experiments revealed reliable LOP effects for basic perceptual features in visual associative memory. Our findings demonstrate that the LOP account is more universal than the current literature suggests.

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Recognition memory for pictorial material in subclinical depression

Acta Psychologica ◽

10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.015 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 135 (3) ◽

pp. 293-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Cristina Ramponi ◽

Fionnuala C. Murphy ◽

Andrew J. Calder ◽

Philip J. Barnard

Keyword(s):

Recognition Memory ◽

Pictorial Material ◽

Subclinical Depression

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Assessment of the Balance and Dizziness Objectification in Patients with Vestibular Bilous Headache

Doctor Ru ◽

10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-9-17-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

E.M. Illarionova ◽

◽

N.P. Gribova ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Visual Stimulation ◽

Control Group ◽

Frequency Spectra ◽

Study Objective ◽

Study Materials ◽

Study Results ◽

Pressure Centre ◽

Group 2 ◽

International Headache Classification ◽

Primary Frequency

Study Objective: To study the balance in patients with vestibular bilious headache (BH) and possible use of a special comprehensive stabilometrical program for dizziness objectification in them. Study Design: open comparative study. Materials and Methods. The study included 188 patients. Group 1 were 94 patients with confirmed BH (according to the International Headache Classification). Group 2 were 94 patients with common migraine. The stabilometrical control group included 94 healthy subjects. The balance and dizziness objectification were assessed using a special comprehensive method comprising a set of stabilometrical tests. Study Results. The most marked changes in stabilometrical parameters were recorded in patients with BH. Primary frequency spectra of these patients were in a range of 0.3 Hz and above 2 Hz, showing the dysfunction of the postural system and vestibular component in particular. The rate of pressure centre deviation and statokinesigram area were increased in the patients from group 2 vs controls; however, statistically significant differences were noted only in opticokinetic test, sensory and vestibular, and closed-eye tandem results. Comparison of the two clinical groups demonstrates significant differences in basic stabilometrical parameters of all challenge tests. Visual control exclusion as well as substandard visual stimulation had significant impact on changes in the analysed parameters. Conclusion. The use of special stabilometrical tests (opticokinetic stimulation, sensory and vestibular and tandem tests) described in this article allows assessing the balance, quantifying vestibular dysfunction in patients with BH, and objectifying dizziness. Keywords: dizziness, balance, vestibular migraine, computer-aided stabilometry.

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Analysis of Risk Factors and Perinatal Mortality Structure in Pregnant Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Doctor Ru ◽

10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-6-46-52 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (6) ◽

pp. 46-52

Author(s):

R.V. Kapustin ◽

◽

E.V. Kopteeva ◽

E.N. Alexeenkova ◽

E.M. Tsybuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Perinatal Mortality ◽

Perinatal Death ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Study Objective ◽

Study Materials ◽

Study Results ◽

Patients With Diabetes

Study Objective: To analyse risk factors and perinatal mortality structure in patients with various types of diabetes mellitus (DM) over the last 30 years in specialised settings. Study Design: retrospective single-site cohort study. Materials and Methods. We have studied 42 medical records containing cases of perinatal death of foetus or newborn in 1988–2018 in patients with DM1 (n = 20), DM2 (n = 10), gestational DM (n = 12). Study Results. The most common complication in pregnancy was preeclampsia combined with chronic placental insufficiency (47.6%). The most common risk factors of perinatal death were inadequate glycemic control in 1st trimester (69.0%), absence of preconception preparations (66.7%), preconception overweight and obesity (42.8%), and chronic arterial hypertension (28.6%). There were 38.1% antenatal deaths, 16.7% intranatal deaths, and 45.2% cases of postnatal mortality. The major causes of perinatal foetal mortality in 26.2% cases were placental disorders, 16.7% were associated with foetus growth retardation, diabetic fetopathy and respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusion. DM during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of perinatal death. Timely preconception preparation, BMI normalization and a consolidated approach to term and mode of delivery can reduce the risk of perinatal mortality in women with various types of DM. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, perinatal mortality, stillbirth, obesity, preeclampsia

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Visual Object Agnosia in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A First Neuroimaging Biomarker

Doctor Ru ◽

10.31550/1727-2378-2021-20-9-6-10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (9) ◽

pp. 6-10

Author(s):

G.V. Tikhomirov ◽

◽

V.N. Grigorieva ◽

A.S. Surkova ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Acute Ischemic Stroke ◽

Visual Object ◽

Visual Agnosia ◽

Study Objective ◽

Study Materials ◽

Stroke Study ◽

Study Results ◽

Potential Use ◽

Ct And Mri

Study Objective: To demonstrate the potential use of peripheral sulcus occipitotemporalis involvement as a first neuroimaging biomarker of visual object agnosia in acute ischemic stroke. Study Design: Retrospective study. Materials and Methods. We have examined 76 patients (52 males, 24 females) in peracute or acute hemisphetic (supratentorial) ischemic stroke. The age of participants was 66.5 ± 6.7 years. The examination involved neurological, neuropsychologic, neuroimaging and eye checks. Any disturbances of the visual object gnosis were diagnosed with the Object Decision test from the Birmingham Object Recognition Battery. According to brain CT and MRI results, all patients underwent assessment of their sulcus occipitotemporalis involvement. Study Results. Stroke-related visual object agnosia was diagnosed in 7 (9.2%) patients. Statistically significant correlation between foci localisation in the sulcus occipitotemporalis and visual object agnosia development (χ2 = 64.2; р < 0.001) has been demonstrated. The sensitivity of sulcus occipitotemporalis involvement as a biomarker of visual object agnosia in acute ischemic stroke was 85.7%, while the specificity was 100%. Conclusion. Sulcus occipitotemporalis involvement in acute ischemic stroke can be used as a neuroimaging biomarker of visual object agnosia. Keywords: visual agnosia, object agnosia, ischemic stroke, neuroimaging, sulcus occipitotemporalis.

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Interest and Attention in Facial Recognition

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.2003.96.2.467 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 467-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Melinda C. R. Burgess ◽

George E. Weaver

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Facial Recognition ◽

Recognition Performance ◽

Processing Condition ◽

Psychology Students ◽

General Psychology ◽

Levels Of Processing ◽

Test Set ◽

Level Of Processing ◽

Better Than

When applied to facial recognition, the levels of processing paradigm has yielded consistent results: faces processed in deep conditions are recognized better than faces processed under shallow conditions. However, there are multiple explanations for this occurrence. The own-race advantage in facial recognition, the tendency to recognize faces from one's own race better than faces from another race, is also consistently shown but not clearly explained. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the levels of processing findings in facial recognition are a result of interest and attention, not differences in processing. This hypothesis was tested for both own and other faces with 105 Caucasian general psychology students. Levels of processing was manipulated as a between-subjects variable; students were asked to answer one of four types of study questions, e.g., “deep” or “shallow” processing questions, while viewing the study faces. Students' recognition of a subset of previously presented Caucasian and African-American faces from a test-set with an equal number of distractor faces was tested. They indicated their interest in and attention to the task. The typical levels of processing effect was observed with better recognition performance in the deep conditions than in the shallow conditions for both own- and other-race faces. The typical own-race advantage was also observed regardless of level of processing condition. For both own- and other-race faces, level of processing explained a significant portion of the recognition variance above and beyond what was explained by interest in and attention to the task.

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Simultaneous determination of duloxetine and 4-hydroxy duloxetine glucuronide in human plasma and back-conversion study

Bioanalysis ◽

10.4155/bio-2021-0185 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriel Onn Kit Loh ◽

Emily Yii Ling Wong ◽

Yvonne Tze Fung Tan ◽

Yi Lin Lee ◽

Chun Keat Chew ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Simultaneous Determination ◽

Human Plasma ◽

Method Validation ◽

Bioequivalence Study ◽

Stability Study ◽

Bioanalytical Method Validation ◽

Study Materials ◽

Study Results ◽

Back Conversion

Aim: To develop an LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of duloxetine and its metabolite, 4-hydroxy duloxetine glucuronide (4HDG) in human plasma and to investigate the potential back-conversion of 4HDG to duloxetine using stability study. Materials & methods: The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to the EMA and USFDA Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidelines and applied to pilot bioequivalence study. Results & conclusion: The method validation results were within the acceptance limits. The stability study and incurred sample reanalysis results ruled out the occurrence of back-conversion. The study highlighted the conduct of back-conversion test and the advantages of LC-MS/MS method in terms of sensitivity, specificity and low consumption of organic solvents.

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