The role of acetic acid bacteria in brewing and their detection in operation

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are often considered a threat of the past because today’s equipment allows to perform post-fermentation processes under greatly reduced level of oxygen. This paper deals with the current importance of AAB in brewing. The risk of contamination as well as functional role in spontaneously fermented sour beers is reviewed. The main harmful effect of AAB lies in the direct spoilage of draft beer and formation of biofilms, most often in dispensing systems. On contrary AAB seems to be indispensable in the case of sour beer production. A key issue of AAB in brewing environment is their (early) detection and identification. Therefore, part of this study is devoted to both the latest sophisticated methods and also those of traditional cultivation. which are still prevalent in operating laboratories due to their cost and easy implementation. Finally, the experimental and pictorial material is added as a guide for operations that have less experience with AAB.

On the Influence of the Esoteric Literature of the XX Century on Abstractionism: An Unusual Point of View

Through her study Matic offers a provocative and risky speculative vision of the influence of the Blavatsky’s anthroposophical tradition of on the formation of abstractionism under Kandinsky. Only by following the course of her exposition, accompanied by evidential pictorial material, do we succeed in convincing ourselves of the validity of the hypothesis she has developed and its transformation into a thesis.

Autopsie einer Graphic Novel: Dostoevskijs Prestuplenie i nakazanie (1866) in der Adaption von Alain Korkos und David Zane Mairowitz (2008)

Summary This study offers a comprehensive comparative analysis between F. M. Dostoevskij’s classic Prestuplenie i nakazanie (PSS 6, 1973) and the black-and-white adaptation Crime and Punishment created by Alain Korkos and David Zane Mairowitz (2008). According to author and artist, the adaptation is meant for recipients acquainted with the novel and first readers of the graphic novel alike. With 417 pages of close-printed canonic text turned into a picture-dominated graphic novel of 118 pages, the adaptation – paying attention to the sequence of crucial fictional scenes – follows the storyline from the beginning of the canonic text to the Epilogue. About 95 % of the precisely and densely formulated verbal material contained in captions can easily be traced back to Dostoevskij’s classic. In this respect, the adaptation is „true to the source material“ (Kick 2012). However, as large portions of text concerning Sonja or Sonja and Raskol’nikov are – discernibly purposefully – eliminated, the adaptation turns out to be a revised version of the canonic novel. E.g., Sonja neither reads the Lazarus-chapter to Raskol’nikov nor follows him to Siberia. In contrast to Sonja, Raskol’nikov – with his emotional-mental instability, rebellion against the state of the world, self-authorization to commit crimes – is represented in accordance with the source text. The hermeneutic gain caused through verbal-pictorial reproduction of the classic text – i. e. through meaningful handling of panels and graphic design within the panels – is significantly enlarged through verbal-pictorial material not inspired by the classic text, e. g. a poster showing Edvard Munch’s graphics The Cry. In view of the 21st century’s preference for visual and multimedial presentation, the study encourages the coexistence and ‚co-reception‘ of the literary classic and the graphic novel as well as further forms of cultural processing.

The analysis of electrolyte chemistry pictorial material in lower secondary chool chemistry textbooks in Slovenia based on developed quality criteria

The textbook as a learning tool and learning resource contributes significantly to the effectiveness of the teaching or learning process itself, while at the same time promotes and facilitates independent learning. The main purpose of this research was to develop quality criteria after which textbooks for Chemistry in lower secondary school were evaluated. This paper presents the analysis of electrolyte chemistry pictorial material presented in chemistry textbooks. When it comes to validating textbooks in Slovenia, there are no unified criteria. The development of the criteria included an overview of the objectives set in the chemistry curriculum. Criteria were made for textbooks used in 8th and 9th grade of lower secondary school (students age 13–15 years). Chemistry textbooks were validated in the school year 2018/2019. When analysing criteria related to textbook representations, the sub-microscopic representations and hybrid representations are the least common features in the textbooks.

Closing the door to false memory: the effects of levels-of-processing and stimulus type on the rejection of perceptually vs. semantically dissimilar distractors

False recognition memory for nonstudied items that share features with targets can be reduced by retrieval monitoring mechanisms. The recall-to-reject process, for example, involves the recollection of information about studied items that disqualifies inconsistent test probes. Monitoring for specific features during retrieval may be enhanced by an encoding orientation that is recapitulated during retrieval. In two experiments, we used concrete words or door scenes as materials and manipulated the level of processing at study and the type of distractors presented at test. We showed that for the verbal material, semantic level of processing at study results in an effective rejection of semantically inconsistent distractors. However, for the pictorial material, the perceptual level of processing leads to an effective rejection of perceptually inconsistent distractors. For targets, the effect of levels of processing was observed for words but not for pictures. The results suggest that retrieval monitoring mechanisms depend on interactions between encoding orientation, study materials, and differentiating features of distractors.

EARRINGS FROM ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES OF THE UPPER VOLGA OF THE XIV-XVIII CENTURIES

В статье характеризуются находки серег XIV-XVIII вв. из раскопок археологических памятников бассейна Верхней Волги. На основании конструкции автор выделяет серьги цельной (серьги в виде вопросительного знака) и составной конструкций (серьги с подвесками различных форм). Среди серег в виде вопросительного знака выделены украшения с коротким и удлинённым стержнем; из равномерной проволоки и с удлинённым стержнем из тонкой проволоки. Среди серег составной конструкции выделены украшения с подвесками в виде стержней (одинцы, двойчатки), серьги-голубцы, серьги с щитковыми и объёмными фигурными подвесками. Выявлены аналогии в изобразительном материале XIV-XIX вв. Высказано предположение, что серьги в виде вопросительного знака с удлиненным стержнем из тонкой проволоки могут датироваться второй половиной XVI - началом XVII в. The article describes the finds of earrings of the 14th-18th centuries from the excavations of the archaeological sites located in the basin of the Upper Volga. On the basis of the design, two groups of earrings are distinguished: a single construction (question mark shaped earrings) and a composite construction (earrings with suspensions of various shapes). Within the groups, types of earrings are distinguished by the features of the shape and decor of the suspension. The jewelry with a short and elongated rod; made of uniform wire and with elongated rod made of thin wire are among the question mark shaped earrings. The jewelry with suspensions in the form of rods (lids, doubles), earrings-«golubtsy», earrings with shield and volumetric figured suspensions are distinguished among the earrings of the composite costruction. A chronology of the individual finds is given. The analogies have been identified in the pictorial material of the 14th-19th centuries. It has been suggested that the question mark shaped earrings with an elongated rod of thin wire can date from the second half of the 16th - early 17th centuries. In women's dress, the earrings could be worn in two ways: in the ears and suspended from the headdress.

“Peace to the world, and glory to the Lord”. On some motifs of Lyubov Maykova's works

The works of L. M. Maikova are one of the most striking pages of Russian naive art, which we understand as the work of people of folklore consciousness beyond the genres that exist in folklore consciousness. But in oral folk art, there are works that resemble the poetic compositions of non-professional authors (poetic memoirs, letters in verse, poems with soap opera plots). And painting as such is absent in folk art. Therefore, the pictorial material makes it possible to most clearly differentiate naive amateur creativity and primitivism as a style of author's professional creativity. Naive creativity is not a form of leisure activity, which presupposes the existence of leisure organizations and their management. Naive creativity is a form of leisure practice that denies leadership and any organizational forms. As a phenomenon of leisure practice, naive creativity ceases to be anonymous, becomes authorial and competitive, which means that it becomes art. In Maikova's paintings, as the works of a naive artist, the role of verbal text is higher than in the works of a professional author, so the title is placed in the visual space of the painting itself and performs the function not of the textual frame, but of the text itself. Finally, in the work of a naive artist, ideological layers of different origins are organically combined, sometimes even opposing each other.

Assessment of diabetic foot ulcers based on pictorial material: an interobserver study

Objective: The frequent change in clinicians, and the emerging use of photographic documentation in wound management, could require a more diverse treatment of patients due to poor interobserver agreement. The aim of this study was to assess the interobserver agreement of a commonly used classification system for diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), the Meggitt–Wagner classification, and to compare the agreement on classification with the agreement in treatment recommendations. Method: An interobserver study was conducted based on a questionnaire linked to 30 photographs of DFUs. Different groups of observers were tested to investigate whether there was a difference between professions or level of education: experienced orthopaedic wound care doctors (n=7); nurses specialised in wound care (n=8) and untrained nurses assigned to a diabetic wound care training course (n=23). Krippendorff's alpha was used to calculate interobserver agreement, and an agreement of >0.67 was defined as substantial. Results: The Krippendorff's alpha value for interobserver agreement on the Meggitt–Wagner classification was 0.52 for the doctors group, 0.67 for the specialised nurses and 0.61 for the untrained nurses. The corresponding values regarding agreement on recommendation of surgical revision of the wound were 0.35, 0.22 and 0.15, respectively. The choice of dressing type or antibiotic treatment had even lower interobserver agreement. Conclusions: The interobserver agreement on the Meggitt–Wagner classification was substantial in the specialised nurse group, but the evaluation and treatment of DFUs should not be exclusively based on pictorial materials.

The Survival Processing Advantage of Face: The Memorization of the (Un)Trustworthy Face Contributes More to Survival Adaptation

Researchers have found that compared with other existing conditions (e.g., pleasantness), information relevant to survival produced a higher rate of retrieval; this effect is known as the survival processing advantage (SPA). Previous experiments have examined that the advantage of memory can be extended to some different types of visual pictorial material, such as pictures and short video clips, but there were some arguments for whether face stimulus could be seen as a boundary condition of SPA. The current work explores whether there is a mnemonic advantage to different trustworthiness of face for human adaptation. In two experiments, we manipulated the facial trustworthiness (untrustworthy, neutral, and trustworthy), which is believed to provide information regarding survival decisions. Participants were asked to predict their avoidance or approach response tendency, when encountering strangers (represented by three classified faces of trustworthiness) in a survival scenario and the control scenario. The final surprise memory tests revealed that it was better to recognize both the trustworthy faces and untrustworthy faces, when the task was related to survival. Experiment 1 demonstrated the existence of a SPA in the bipolarity of facial untrustworthiness and trustworthiness. In Experiment 2, we replicated the SPA of trustworthy and untrustworthy face recognitions using a matched design, where we found this kind of memory benefits only in recognition tasks but not in source memory tasks. These results extend the generality of SPAs to face domain.