This chapter discusses economic antisemitism. Many contemporaries explained the revival of antisemitism as a primarily economic phenomenon, as a means by which rational economic interests were defended or pursued. Henri Maret, director of Le Racial, argues that the characteristics of contemporary antisemitism were “incontestably economic. People do not detest the Jews because they belong to a different race or to a different religion, but quite simply because it is believed that they are accumulating wealth, and this is coveted.” Many features of the antisemitism of the period confirm the validity of this economic interpretation. Antisemites very often directed their attacks against Jews as the agents of capitalism, as bankers, speculators, and monopolists. More generally, “Jewish domination” was held to be responsible for the general economic crisis of the later decades of the nineteenth century, and for long-term changes in economic structure. Despite all this, however, analysis of antisemitic ideology and action suggests that it was a reaction to economic phenomena of a less rational kind than the simplistic psychology of some contemporary observers assumed.
Long-term changes in the tree radial growth and intrinsic water-use efficiency of Chuanxi spruce (Picea likiangensis var. balfouriana) in southwestern China
