The Economic Phenomenon Behind the Education in China, and the Development Prospects and Suggestions for Vocational Education in China

This article analyzes the education system and its current situation in China. It has been pointed out that the exam-oriented education with the college entrance examination as its main content leads to the scarcity of high-quality educational resources and the unfair distribution of educational resources. It also leads to the economic phenomenon where parents, schools, students, and other education-related industry chains are engaged in a fierce competition for educational opportunities. In addition, this article also points out the strategic significance of vocational education for China’s future talent development in addition to the national policy support for vocational education. In conclusion, the future development of vocational education is bright and of great significance to China’s education system.

The Impact of Residents’ Online Consumption on Offline Consumption—An Ordered Probit Semi-Parametric Estimation Method

Online consumption not only is an economic phenomenon, but also has a profound impact on offline consumption. Under this context, this article analyzes the mechanism of how they influence offline consumption and puts forward research hypotheses. China Household Financial Survey (CHFS) data and a semi-parametric ordered probit estimation method are used empirical tests. The results indicate that consumers with online consumption experience are very likely to consume again. The scale of online consumption not only drives the increase of overall consumption, but also promotes the growth of offline consumption via capital effect, complementarity effect, and psychologic effect. In general, online consumption and offline consumption have achieved integrated development.

Surogacy – challenge to the legislation of the Republic of Bulgaria

Surrogate motherhood is a modern socio-economic phenomenon that needs legal regulation in the Republic of Bulgaria. This article presents the generally accepted view of it and the differentiated types of surrogacy. With the comparative method, the legislative approach to it was analysed in the countries of the European legal family and beyond. Finally, is presented position in the Republic of Bulgaria.

Assessment of living standards of the Ukrainian population

The relevance of the article. The level of living standards as economic category characterizes not only the state of social and economic system but it is a necessary condition for its development. The relevance of scientific research on implementation of living standards of the country’s copulation is due to the need of systematization of economic features, which allow to determine objectively the level of poverty and will ensure the realization of an effective social state policy. Purpose setting is in the studying the population lives problems regarding the trade transformation of national economy and its reasons analyses, which lead to the high poverty level in Ukraine, and also the ways to overcome this phenomenon. Presentation of the main material. Poverty is a multifaceted socio-economic phenomenon that is inherent in any country in the world, regardless of its level of economic prosperity. Today, there are many interpretations that characterize “poverty” as a condition in which a person can not achieve the appropriate level of welfare in this society. The article deals with the causes of poverty and outlines the interdependent factors that influence it. It is defined that living standards of the population depends on the state of the national economy and its macroeconomic indicators (gross output of the enterprise per head of the population, rate of unemployment, real salaries and others). It is proved that the main reasons of poverty are classified into three groups: economic (low oncome, low spending capacity, social policy failure, unemployment and inflation), political (imperfection of the labor legislation, state social policy failure) and social (low level of accomplishments, the polarization of society, social vulnerability). In 2020 the poverty rate in Ukraine increased to 43 per cent, which means that nearly 6 million citizens are living below the poverty line, among which multi-child families, single parents with young children, families with children under age 3, single pensioners over 65 years of age are the most vulnerable categories. It is found out that barriers to getting out of the poverty are the following: reduction of market for the goods and services, monopoly existence and corruption. It is actualized that increasing of welfare payments doesn’t reduce the poverty problem in the country. Conclusions. Poverty is a socio-economic phenomenon in which a person cannot achieve the appropriate level of well-being in society. According to the World Bank, Ukraine “remains one of the poorest countries in the region” in terms of Gross Domestic Product per capita, and according to official UN data, more than 60% of Ukraine’s population is below the poverty line. And despite the statistics, raising the minimum wage should not be a top priority for social policy, and public institutions should use a variety of tools. Key words: living standards, poverty, social protection, income.

Museientreprenörskap som praktik- och kunskapsfält

This study, “Museum entrepreneurship as practice and knowledge field”,examines how museum directors view museum entrepreneurship, why they thinkit is important and how it can develop. Results show that the museum directorsview entrepreneurship from a broad perspective that goes beyond a traditionalimage of entrepreneurship as exclusively an economic phenomenon. The resultsemphasize the need to turn to museum entrepreneurship as a way of thinkingabout renewal of museum activities, solving financial problems linked to decreesin public funding, find new sources of income and to create business models thathave potential to refine opportunities coming from digitalization. The need formuseum entrepreneurship is also about clarifying an awareness of what kind ofvalues are created and how these can be formed while maintaining integrity incollaboration with the rest of society. The results also show that there is a need todevelop museum entrepreneurship through collaborative research approaches.

Problems of innovation-oriented development of Russia at the present stage

The subject of the study is the features of such a socio-economic phenomenon as self-employment in the context of digitalization. It is revealed that the rapid development of digitalization has led to the spread of such atypical forms of employment as freelancing. Also, a comparison of different approaches to labor rationing was made: the classical approach to conducting photos of the working day and timekeeping and the modern digitalized approach, their strengths and weaknesses were considered. The possible foreseeable future of labor rationing and the ways of its development and integration of such technology as artificial intelligence are analyzed. The authors consider the possibility of creating an automated program for taking photos of the working day and timekeeping, the use of which would require the presence of a specialist only at the very beginning, when setting up a program for viewing video recordings and identifying individual labor operations.

Waste and Circular Economy

This work aims to describe and analyze the new socio economic phenomenon of waste-based circularity. To describe this process of recovery and transformation of waste, which represents the basis of circular economy, it is necessary to understand the complex articulation of the production of goods and materials, their yield and their capacity of transformation. At the heart of all this is a series of human behaviors and habits dictated by legal rules and economic and cultural approaches. If we manage to better understand these behaviors, we can activate a series of processes which could help us to determine and encourage more sustainable behaviors from an environmental, economic and social point of view. Received: 11 March 2021 / Accepted: 18 April 2021 / Published: 17 May 2021

CONCEPT APPROACH FOR MEASURING SOLIDARITY ECONOMY IN AGRICULTURE

Purpose – this work aims to modernize and supplement the methodological approach developed to measure the solidarity economy as a socio-economic phenomenon to determine the reserves and potential for transformation of solidarity at the level of national economies. Research methodology – the presented research has a conceptual character. For the formation of the algorithm for evaluation used the method of logical generalization and systematic analysis, for search and analysis of descriptive data – thematic analysis of literature sources, for the formation and selection of indicators of solidarity economy of the agricultural sector – content analysis of data characterizing the development of cooperatives in agriculture and their environment functioning, using of secondary data allowed to synthesize existing knowledge, to analyze the current state of solidarity of the agricultural sector. Scientific articles of the Scopus database, publications of web portals of the solidarity economy (SE), and information from the Eurostat methodology were used as sources. Findings – the research contributes to increasing the visibility of the positive effects of the SE in the agricultural sector to improve its social and political recognition. Research limitations – the research is limited by the chosen methodological approach that makes it unable to conduct an expansion and development of a system of qualitative indicators of estimation of solidarity economy with a specific focus on agriculture(SEAGro), which can be used for the development of the classification of indicators of SERagro, research of influence of solidarity of farmers on sustainable development of a regions. Practical implications – measuring the scale and impact of SE in the agro sector will help to establish the socio-, eco-logical, and economic effects for Sustainable Development in general and contribute to further institutional and policy transformations. Originality/Value – not only quantitative and qualitative indicators of SE as a socio-economic phenomenon were stud-ied in order to determine the reserves and potential of solidarity transformations, but also developed a scientific and methodological approach to assessing the solidarity of the agricultural.

A traditional sport: Smuggling among South Funen sailors, 1950-1990

Using vessels and sailors from the South Funen Archipelago as a case study, this article examines the relationship between smuggling and sailors in Danish maritime culture between 1950 and 1990. Throughout the period, small-scale smuggling was considered a legitimate activity for sailors if done according to certain rules. Smuggling was largely portrayed as a sport grounded in tradition, not as an oppositional political act, but rather politically implicit. Central to the article is the argument that smuggling is not just an economic phenomenon conditioned by the interplay of supply and demand, but a cultural phenomenon related to state power, maritime culture and the onboard community.