Comparison of wet bulb globe temperature measured on-site vs estimated and the impact on activity modification in high school football

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brady Tripp ◽  
Heather K Vincent ◽  
Michelle Bruner ◽  
Michael Seth Smith
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Exertional Heat-Stroke Preparedness in High School Football by Region and State Mandate Presence

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 921-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Y. Kerr ◽  
Samantha E. Scarneo-Miller ◽  
Susan W. Yeargin ◽  
Andrew J. Grundstein ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Heat Stroke ◽  
State Mandates ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Heat Acclimatization ◽  
Exertional Heat Stroke ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
State Mandate ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
Football Programs

Context Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is a leading cause of sudden death in high school football players. Preparedness strategies can mitigate EHS incidence and severity. Objective To examine EHS preparedness among high school football programs and its association with regional and state preseason heat-acclimatization mandates. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Preseason high school football programs, 2017. Patients or Other Participants A total of 910 athletic trainers (ATs) working with high school football (12.7% completion rate). Main Outcome Measure(s) We acquired data on high school football programs' EHS preparedness strategies in the 2017 preseason via an online questionnaire, looking at (1) whether schools' state high school athletic associations mandated preseason heat-acclimatization guidelines and (2) heat safety region based on warm-season wet-bulb globe temperature, ranging from the milder region 1 to the hotter region 3. Six EHS-preparedness strategies were assessed: EHS recognition and treatment education; policy for initiating emergency medical services response; emergency response plan enactment; immersion tub filled with ice water before practice; wet-bulb globe temperature monitoring; and hydration access. Multivariable binomial regression models estimated the prevalence of reporting all 6 strategies. Results Overall, 27.5% of ATs described their schools as using all 6 EHS-preparedness strategies. The highest prevalence was in region 3 schools with state mandates (52.9%). The multivariable model demonstrated an interaction in which the combination of higher heat safety region and presence of a state mandate was associated with a higher prevalence of reporting all 6 strategies (P = .05). Controlling for AT and high school characteristics, the use of all 6 strategies was higher in region 3 schools with state mandates compared with region 1 schools without state mandates (52.9% versus 17.8%; prevalence ratio = 2.68; 95% confidence interval = 1.81, 3.95). Conclusions Our findings suggest a greater use of EHS-preparedness strategies in environmentally warmer regions with state-level mandates for preseason heat acclimatization. Future researchers should identify factors influencing EHS preparedness, particularly in regions 1 and 2 and in states without mandates.

scholarly journals Impacts of heat stress conditions on mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-330
Author(s):  
Beatriz Fátima Alves de Oliveira ◽  
Ludmilla da Silva Viana Jacobson ◽  
Letícia Palazzi Perez ◽  
Ismael Henrique da Silveira ◽  
Washington Leite Junger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
The Impact

This study assesses the risk of exposure to heat stress conditions and their potential impact on mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Brazilian capital cities for warming levels of 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C and 4.0 °C in the RCP8.5 scenario. The risk of exposure and the impact of heat stress conditions on mortality were measured by the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index. The impact on health was estimated by applying exposure-response curves between WBGT and health outcomes in the projections. The potential impact on mortality was measured by attributable fraction of mortality due to heat stress. The results showed an increase in heat stress conditions for Brazil, especially in the Northern and Center-Western regions. The estimated curves showed an association between the WBGT and mortality by cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Brazil, with an upward impact trend, according to the levels of warming and heterogeneous results among the capitals.  

A Prospective Evaluation on the Effects of One High School Football Season on Neurocognitive Test Scores in High School Football Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachele E. Vogelpohl ◽  
Rachel A. Lindsey ◽  
Christopher D. Stickley ◽  
Ronald K. Hetzler ◽  
Whitney Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Verbal Memory ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Impact Test ◽  
Neurocognitive Function ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Neurological Dysfunction ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Neurocognitive Test ◽  
The Impact

Subconcussive head impacts do not result in outward signs of neurological dysfunction, however they may have an effect on neurocognitive function. Limited research has indicated that negative changes in neurocognitive function occurs in high school football athletes as a result of one season of football. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the effects of one season of high school football on neurocognitive test scores. Results revealed a significant group and time interaction effect (p < .001) for the Verbal Memory composite score of the ImPACT test. Further analysis revealed a significant difference in the Verbal Memory score between groups at postseason (p < .01), with the football group scoring lower than the low contact group. It appears that one season of high school football may have a negative effect on the Verbal Memory composite score of the ImPACT test in high school football athletes.

scholarly journals Thermoregulatory Responses and Hydration Practices in Heat-Acclimatized Adolescents During Preseason High School Football

2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Walker Yeargin ◽  
Douglas J. Casa ◽  
Daniel A. Judelson ◽  
Brendon P. McDermott ◽  
Matthew S. Ganio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Sweat Rate ◽  
Urine Osmolality ◽  
Tanner Stage ◽  
American Football ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Globe Temperature

Abstract Context: Previous researchers have not investigated the thermoregulatory responses to multiple consecutive days of American football in adolescents. Objective: To examine the thermoregulatory and hydration responses of high school players during formal preseason football practices. Design: Observational study. Setting: Players practiced outdoors in late August once per day on days 1 through 5, twice per day on days 6 and 7, and once per day on days 8 through 10. Maximum wet bulb globe temperature averaged 23 ± 4°C. Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-five heat-acclimatized adolescent boys (age  =  15 ± 1 years, height  =  180 ± 8 cm, mass  =  81.4 ± 15.8 kg, body fat  =  12 ± 5%, Tanner stage  =  4 ± 1). Main Outcome Measure(s): We observed participants within and across preseason practices of football. Measures included gastrointestinal temperature (TGI), urine osmolality, sweat rate, forearm sweat composition, fluid consumption, testosterone to cortisol ratio, perceptual measures of thirst, perceptual measures of thermal sensation, a modified Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire, and knowledge questionnaires assessing the participants' understanding of heat illnesses and hydration. Results were analyzed for differences across time and were compared between younger (14–15 years, n  =  13) and older (16–17 years, n  =  12) participants. Results: Maximum daily TGI values remained less than 40°C and were correlated with maximum wet bulb globe temperature (r  =  0.59, P  =  .009). Average urine osmolality indicated that participants generally experienced minimal to moderate hypohydration before (881 ± 285 mOsmol/kg) and after (856 ± 259 mOsmol/kg) each practice as a result of replacing approximately two-thirds of their sweat losses during exercise but inadequately rehydrating between practices. Age did not affect most variables; however, sweat rate was lower in younger participants (0.6 ± 0.2 L/h) than in older participants (0.8 ± 0.1 L/h) (F1,18  =  8.774, P  =  .008). Conclusions: Previously heat-acclimatized adolescent boys (TGI &lt; 40°C) can safely complete the initial days of preseason football practice in moderate environmental conditions using well-designed practice guidelines. Adolescent boys replaced most sweat lost during practice but remained mildly hypohydrated throughout data collection, indicating inadequate hydration habits when they were not at practice.

scholarly journals Examining the Impact of a Prospective WBGT Heat Policy on High School Football Practices

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Lopez ◽  
Patrick Gorrell ◽  
Gianluca Del Rossi
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Football ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Heads Up Football Training Decreases Concussion Rates in High School Football Players

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3_suppl3) ◽  
pp. 2325967117S0013 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Tokish ◽  
Ellen Shanley ◽  
Michael J. Kissenberth ◽  
John Brooks ◽  
Darryl Nance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Training Program ◽  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Educational Training ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Football Training ◽  
Educational Training Program ◽  
The Impact

Objectives: Concern over participation in football has grown over the past decade in part due to the risk of head injury. In response, the National Football League (NFL) teamed up with USA football to develop an educational training program, the heads up (HU) program, designed to teach proper preventative blocking and tackling techniques. The seasonal risk for concussion has been estimated at approximately 10% in high school football players. Adolescent football players were estimated to have the greatest frequency of 1-year risk when compared to youth and collegiate players. These findings combined with the concern over subconcussive impacts highlights the need for prevention programs emphasizing a reduction in head impacts during player contact. The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare cumulative concussion rates between high school players on heads up (HU) trained football teams versus teams that did not institute heads up (NHU) football training. Methods: We monitored 2,514 high school football players during the 2015 competitive football season in the Upstate of South Carolina. Prior to the start of preseason football, at least one coach from 14 schools (n=1818 participating athletes) received heads up training from USA football. The HU trained schools were matched with a 10 schools (n=696 participating athletes) performing standard training and football practice. Random monitoring for proper coaching technique and instruction was performed at 3 time points during the season at each trained high school to ensure compliance with program guidelines. Therefore, 1,818 high school players participated in practices and games under the direction of a heads up trained coaches and 696 athletes participated without the benefit of heads up training. Athletic trainers at each school monitored and recorded injury information for all practices and games from the beginning of practice to the end of the playoffs for all schools. Cumulative incidence and incidence rate ratios of concussions were calculated with 95% confidence intervals to determine program effectiveness. Results: We observed 117 concussion injuries. Players on the HU training teams sustained 75 concussions compared with 42 concussions on NHU teams. The HU rate of 4.1 concussions/100 players (95% CI =3.3-5.1) was significantly lower than the 6.0 concussion rate on NHU teams (RR= 1.5; 95% CI= 1.1-2.1). The HU football group resolved their concussions and returned to full participation 27% faster than athletes in the NHU football group (time-loss: 18.2 &#177; 10.6 days (95% CI= 15.8-20.6) vs. 24.8 &#177; 15.3 days (95% CI= 19.9-29.7) respectively). Conclusion: This is the first paper to evaluate the impact of the training program on the incidence and recovery of concussion in high school football players. Our results support the use of USA football heads up training as an effective method to decrease the rate of concussions in high school football. The program also appears to reduce the concussion severity in these athletes.

scholarly journals The Impact of Air Well Geometry in a Malaysian Single Storey Terraced House

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 5730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Chung Leng ◽  
Mohd Hamdan Ahmad ◽  
Dilshan Remaz Ossen ◽  
Gabriel H.T. Ling ◽  
Samsiah Abdullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Air Velocity ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Ventilation Technique ◽  
Ventilation Performance ◽  
Globe Temperature ◽  
The Impact

In Malaysia, terraced housing hardly provides thermal comfort to the occupants. More often than not, mechanical cooling, which is an energy consuming component, contributes to outdoor heat dissipation that leads to an urban heat island effect. Alternatively, encouraging natural ventilation can eliminate heat from the indoor environment. Unfortunately, with static outdoor air conditioning and lack of windows in terraced houses, the conventional ventilation technique does not work well, even for houses with an air well. Hence, this research investigated ways to maximize natural ventilation in terraced housing by exploring the air well configurations. By adopting an existing single storey terraced house with an air well, located in Kuching, Sarawak, the existing indoor environmental conditions and thermal performance were investigated and monitored using scientific equipment, namely HOBO U12 air temperature and air humidity, the HOBO U12 anemometer and the Delta Ohm HD32.3 Wet Bulb Globe Temperature meter. For this parametric study, the DesignBuilder software was utilized. The field study illustrated that there is a need to improve indoor thermal comfort. Thus, the study further proposes improvement strategies to the existing case study house. The proposition was to turn the existing air well into a solar chimney taking into account advantages of constant and available solar radiation for stack ventilation. The results suggest that the enhanced air well was able to improve the indoor room air velocity and reduce air temperature. The enhanced air well with 3.5 m height, 1.0 m air gap width, 2.0 m length was able to induce higher air velocity. During the highest air temperature hour, the indoor air velocity in existing test room increased from 0.02 m/s in the existing condition to 0.29 m/s in the hottest day with 2.06 °C air temperature reduction. The findings revealed that the proposed air well could enhance the thermal and ventilation performance under the Malaysia tropical climate.

scholarly journals Head Impacts During High School Football: A Biomechanical Assessment

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven P. Broglio ◽  
Jacob J. Sosnoff ◽  
SungHoon Shin ◽  
Xuming He ◽  
Christopher Alcaraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Rotational Acceleration ◽  
High School Football ◽  
Head Impacts ◽  
Biomechanical Assessment ◽  
Football Team ◽  
Impact Biomechanics ◽  
Session Type ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Little is known about the impact biomechanics sustained by players during interscholastic football.Context: To characterize the location and magnitude of impacts sustained by players during an interscholastic football season.Objective: Observational design.Design: On the field.Setting: High school varsity football team (n  =  35; age  =  16.85 ± 0.75 years, height  =  183.49 ± 5.31 cm, mass  =  89.42 ± 12.88 kg).Patients or Other Participants: Biomechanical variables (linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, jerk, force, impulse, and impact duration) related to head impacts were categorized by session type, player position, and helmet impact location.Main Outcome Measure(s): Differences in grouping variables were found for each impact descriptor. Impacts occurred more frequently and with greater intensity during games. Linear acceleration was greatest in defensive linemen and offensive skill players and when the impact occurred at the top of the helmet. The largest rotational acceleration occurred in defensive linemen and with impacts to the front of the helmet. Impacts with the highest-magnitude jerk, force, and impulse and shortest duration occurred in the offensive skill, defensive line, offensive line, and defensive skill players, respectively. Top-of-the-helmet impacts yielded the greatest magnitude for the same variables.Results: We are the first to provide a biomechanical characterization of head impacts in an interscholastic football team across a season of play. The intensity of game play manifested with more frequent and intense impacts. The highest-magnitude variables were distributed across all player groups, but impacts to the top of the helmet yielded the highest values. These high school football athletes appeared to sustain greater accelerations after impact than their older counterparts did. How this finding relates to concussion occurrence has yet to be elucidated.Conclusions:

To Play or Not to Play: Concussions and High School Football Athletes

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Brown ◽  
Taryn J. Acosta ◽  
Bethany Mealy ◽  
Conrad T. Mueller ◽  
Lauren T. Dashjian
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Football
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