Comparison of bacterial diversity in proglacial soil from Kafni Glacier, Himalayan Mountain ranges, India, with the bacterial diversity of other glaciers in the world

The Tibetan Plateau is by far the largest region of high elevation, averaging just above 5,000 metres above sea level, and the thickest crust, between 70 and 90 kilometres thick, anywhere in the world. This huge plateau region is very flat—lying in the internally drained parts of the Chang Tang in north and central Tibet, but in parts of the externally drained eastern Tibet, three or four mountain ranges larger and higher than the Alps rise above the frozen plateau. Some of the world’s largest and longest mountain ranges border the plateau, the ‘flaming mountains’ of the Tien Shan along the north-west, the Kun Lun along the north, the Longmen Shan in the east, and of course the mighty Himalaya forming the southern border of the plateau. The great trans-Himalayan mountain ranges of the Pamir and Karakoram are geologically part of the Asian plate and western Tibet but, as we have noted before, unlike Tibet, these ranges have incredibly high relief with 7- and 8-kilometre-high mountains and deeply eroded rivers and glacial valleys. The western part of the Tibetan Plateau is the highest, driest, and wildest area of Tibet. Here there is almost no rainfall and rivers that carry run-off from the bordering mountain ranges simply evaporate into saltpans or disappear underground. Rivers draining the Kun Lun flow north into the Takla Makan Desert, forming seasonal marshlands in the wet season and a dusty desert when the rivers run dry. The discovery of fossil tropical leaves, palm tree trunks, and even bones from miniature Miocene horses suggest that the climate may have been wetter in the past, but this is also dependent on the rise of the plateau. Exactly when Tibet rose to its present elevation is a matter of great debate. Nowadays the Indian Ocean monsoon winds sweep moisture-laden air over the Indian sub-continent during the summer months (late June–September). All the moisture is dumped as the summer monsoon, the torrential rains that sweep across India from south-east to north-west.

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Impact of Land Use Land Cover Change on Sambhar Lake

10.4018/978-1-7998-8331-9.ch007 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 127-151

Author(s):

Saloni Khandelwal

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Land Cover ◽

Land Cover Change ◽

Catchment Area ◽

Cropping Pattern ◽

Ramsar Site ◽

Land Use Land Cover ◽

Mountain Ranges ◽

Green Cover ◽

The World

The Aravalli range is one of the oldest mountain ranges in the world. Many lakes are sustained by the streams generated from the Aravalli range. In the last few years, hill systems are facing changes affecting the catchment of water bodies. Many waterbodies that were earlier able to provide water in peak summers are now dried up before the summer. The study aims to analyse land use land cover change in the Aravalli range on Sambhar Lake. Sambhar Lake is the largest inland saltwater lake in India and was selected as a “Ramsar Site.” A catchment area of the lake is delineated, and micro-watersheds are selected for detailed analysis. A primary survey is done to know the impacts and causes of changes in the lake. The study indicates significant green cover changes in three seasons over the years. Because of the loss in green cover, the soil is losing its moisture, affecting the cropping pattern and agriculture production in the area. Factors causing the drying of the lake are affecting its ecosystem and the number of birds coming to it.

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Dyadobacter hamtensis sp. nov., from Hamta glacier, located in the Himalayas, India

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY ◽

10.1099/ijs.0.63806-0 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 2113-2117 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

P. Chaturvedi ◽

G. S. N. Reddy ◽

S. Shivaji

Keyword(s):

Type Strain ◽

Gene Sequence ◽

Novel Species ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Phylogenetic Analyses ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Rrna Gene Sequence ◽

Phenotypic Characteristics ◽

Mountain Ranges ◽

Himalayan Mountain

Strain HHS 11T was isolated from a water sample collected from the snout of Hamta glacier located in the Himalayan mountain ranges of India. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses established the affiliation of the isolate to the genus Dyadobacter. HHS 11T possessed 96 and 95 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to Dyadobacter crusticola and Dyadobacter fermentans, respectively. Furthermore, strain HHS 11T differs from D. crusticola and D. fermentans in a number of phenotypic characteristics. These data suggest that strain HHS 11T represents a novel species of the genus Dyadobacter, for which the name Dyadobacter hamtensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HHS 11T (=JCM 12919T=MTCC 7023T).

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Kondisi Kehidupan Keagamaan Masa Majapahit Berdasarkan Sumber Tertulis dan Data Arkeologi

AMERTA ◽

10.24832/amt.v26i1.32-44 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 32-44

Author(s):

Richadiana Kadarisman Kartakusuma

Keyword(s):

Spiritual Life ◽

Ancestor Worship ◽

Mountain Ranges ◽

Local Religion ◽

The World ◽

Union With God ◽

Written Sources

Abstract. The Condition of Spiritual Life During The Majapahit Era Based on Written Sources and Archeological Data. The most profound spiritual life in Majapahit was evidenced by the omnipresence of religious centers where people worship certain figures, which were considered the saviors of the world when Hindu and Buddha's teachings were fading away. Scholars named the spirituals condition at the end of the Majapahit era "the symptom of millenarism". It was during this era that the indigenous belief or local religion was revived in anticipation of the coming of innovations of Islam. The tribute to this indigenous belief took place in remote and quiet places, which are isolated in the forests and confined within mountain ranges, similar to a certain kind of padepokan (residence of priests and hermits) in shadow puppet stories. In this local cult, Bhima figure is addressed as the main symbol in the ritual of exorcism (ruwat) and redemption (kaleupasan). Therefore, currently ruwaran is one of the most very important elements of this local belief. Bhima figure is attributed as a "spiritual hero" because he passed through several stages before finding spiritual enlightenment an transformed himself from a worldly entity into an enlightened being. He has also experienced an ultimate union with god (Kowuta Gusti, which rs a union of Suksma or self onto Maha Suksma or god). This elements of belief is similar to that of Hindu Dewaruci epic. It is evident, then, that in the spiritual life during the Majapahit era there was a harmony among all religions and local beliefs, which was the nucleus of Javanese mentality since the beginning of time when ancestor worship was practiced.Abstrak. Keagamaan pada masa Majapahit yang paling menonjol adalah semaraknya pusat-pusat keagamaan dengan memuja tokoh tertentu yang dianggap menyelamatkan dunia. Keagamaan yang telah lebih berkembang pada masa Majapahit akhir seiring dengan memudarnya Hindu- Budha. Para sarjana menyebut kondisi keagamaan pada masa Majapahit akhir sebagai milenarisme. Unsur kepercayaan yang secara sadar diangkat kembali ke permukaan oleh para resi untuk mengimbangi hadirnya inovasi Islam. Unsur kepercayaan dengan ciri kehidupan spiritual yang dilangsungkan di lingkungan-lingkungan sunyi dan terpencil semacam padepokan di pewayangan (?). Fokus ajaran dengan menampilkan tokoh Bhima sebagai simbol utama ruwat dan kalepasan, karenanya upacara ruwatan pada masa ini menjadi sangat penting. Tokoh Bhima, di sini dihubungkan dengan "Pahlawan Keagamaan" berkenaan dengan unsur bersatunya kembali Kawula Gusti yaitu Suksma diri dan Maha Suksma. Selaras peristiwa yang dialami Bhima tatkala keluar dari dirinya dan memperoleh wejangan dari Dewaruci dan kembali kepada saudara-saudaranya. Nampak bahwa kondisi keagamaan masa Majapahit akhir telah mempertegas hubungan konvensional dan kepercayaan lingkungan alam yang sesungguhnya menjadi dasar representasi mental yang pernah berlaku sejak awal dengan pokok pemujaan pada nenek moyang.

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IMPORTANCE OF CONTEMPORARY ARTIST NICHOLAS ROERICH'S ART WITH REFERENCE TO HIMALAYAN PAINTING

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i11.2019.908 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 48-51

Author(s):

Sandhya Maurya

Keyword(s):

High Mountains ◽

Mountain Ranges ◽

The World ◽

Kullu Valley ◽

The Subject ◽

The Creation ◽

Contemporary Artist

English : The Himalayas where the sages reside. This was the creation of Vedas. The snow-clad mountain ranges, their depths, high mountains, enchanting atmosphere, waterfall silver falls, pink weather attracts any visiting artist. When Nicolas Roerich came to India in 1924, this atmosphere of the Himalayas captivated him and he spent twenty years in the Kullu Valley and made the Himalayas the subject of his depiction. It has been said realistically about Rorik's portrayal of the Himalayas. Till date, no painter of the world has depicted the Himalayas with so much acumen, such a profound vision and specialty. '' Hindi : हिमालय जहां ऋषियों का आवास है। यही वेदो की रचना हुई। हिमाच्छादित पर्वत श्रृंखलाऍ उनकी गहराइयॉ, ऊॅचे पहाड़ मनमुग्ध करने वाल वातावरण, झरते रजत प्रपात, गुलाबी मौसम यहॉ आने वाले किसी भी कलाकार को अपने ओर आकर्षित करता है। निकोलस रोरिक जब 1924 में भारत आये तो हिमालय के इस वातावरण ने उन्हें मुग्ध कर लिया और उन्होने बीस वर्श कुल्लु घाटी में व्यतीत किये और हिमालय को अपने चित्रण का विषय बनाया। ''रोरिक के हिमालय चित्रण के विषय में यथार्थ-रूप से यह कहा गया है। आज तक संसार के किसी चित्रकार ने हिमालय का चित्रण इतनी पटुता, इतनी गहन दृष्टि और विशेषता के साथ नहीं किया है। ''1

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Bacterial Diversity of a Microbial Mat from Hot Spring at Wartawan Beach, Lampung and Its Potential as a Source of Hydrogenases

SQUALEN Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology ◽

10.15578/squalen.v13i1.323 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Gintung Patantis ◽

Ekowati Chasanah ◽

Yusro Nuri Fawzya ◽

He Pe Qing ◽

Zhang Xue Lei

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Diversity ◽

Hydrothermal Vent ◽

Hot Spring ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Microbial Mat ◽

Associated Bacteria ◽

The World ◽

Promising Source ◽

Library Method ◽

Beach Environment

Biohydrogen produced from thermophilic hydrogenases is an ideal and clean energy sources. As the biggest tectonic area in the world, Indonesia is potential for thermophile isolation. The aims of this study were to analyze the bacterial diversity of a microbial mat from hot spring at Wartawan beach, Lampung and to analyze the potency of microbial mat for hydrogenases, using clone library method. The diversity of 16S rRNA showed that the microbial mat sample contained 9 phyla of bacteria, and dominated by Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria. These phyla indicate that the bacterial community of the microbial mat consisted of phototrophic and heterotrophic groups. In addition, a microbial mat of Wartawan beach environment might be influenced by marine environment and hydrothermal vent which was indicated by detection of both associated bacteria. The diversity of hydrogenase genes using NiFe hydrogenase (NiFe) and FeFe hydrogenase (FeFe) genes showed that Cyanobacteria was specifically related to NiFe, while Firmicutes was associated with FeFe. Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, however, were detected for both genes. The detected hydrogenase genes indicate that the microbial mat from hot spring at Wartawan beach is a promising source for hydrogenases isolation and further applications for biohydrogen production as a renewable energy.

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