Preliminary Assessment of Uranium Contamination in Drinking Water Sources Near a Uranium Mine in the Siavonga District, Zambia, and Associated Health Risks

Water fluoride levels above the World Health Organization’s guideline (1.5 mg/L), common in overexploited aquifers, represent a health hazard. Our objective was to assess the health risks posed by exposure to fluoride in different drinking water sources in a contaminated basin in Mexico. Fluoride was measured in mutual drinking water sources and in the urine of 39 children and women. Risks were estimated through hazard quotient (HQ) by drinking water source. Dental fluorosis was assessed in the children. Mean fluoride water concentrations (mg/L) were: well, 4.2; waterhole, 2.7; bottled, 2.1; rainwater, 0.4. The mean urinary fluoride concentrations (specific gravity adjusted) were 2.1 mg/L and 3.2 mg/L in children and women, respectively. Our multiple linear regression model showed children’s urinary fluoride concentrations increased 0.96 mg/L for every 1 mg/L increase in water fluoride (p < 0.001). Dental fluorosis was diagnosed in 82% of the children, and their HQ according to drinking water source was: well, 1.5; waterhole, 1.1; bottled, 0.8; harvested rainwater, 0.3. The pervasive dental fluorosis indicates a toxic past fluoride exposure; urinary fluoride levels and HQs indicate high exposure and current health risks for most children. Drinking harvested rainwater will likely prevent most of the local fluoride exposure.

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Essential elements and standards for their contents in drinking water

Health Risk Analysis ◽

10.21668/health.risk/2020.3.04.eng ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 30-38

Author(s):

O.O. Sinitsyna ◽

◽

S.I. Plitman ◽

G.P. Ampleeva ◽

O.A. Gil'denskiol'd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Health Risks ◽

Human Body ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Water Sources ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Risk Level ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Reference Doses

Certain essential and conditionally essential natural elements (selenium, chromium, iodine, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, fluorine, lithium, silicon, boron, and bromine) are standardized in terms of their contents in drinking water as per sanitary-toxicological parameters of adverse health effects. Our research goal was to determine a contribution made by drinking water into supplying a human body with essential natural elements as well as to substantiate the necessity to update standards regarding these substances. We applied calculation models for dose equivalents of essential elements MPC (maximum permissible concentration), MPC calculations for these substances basing on a necessary 20 % contribution made by drinking water into reference doses, and calculation of non-carcinogenic health risks due to essential elements occurrence in specific drinking water sources with these elements being distributed into different groups as per similar effects produced on certain organs and systems in a body. We took existing drinking water sources containing 6 essential elements with similar effects as an example and applied a procedure for assessing non-carcinogenic health risks. Acting nickel and selenium MPC do not supply a body with an optimal daily intake whereas their determined MPC are not only harmless but also conform to the minimum necessary intake dose. At the same time neither acting lithium MPC nor its calculated one taking into account risk assessment based on internationally accepted reference doses doesn’t provide the minimum necessary daily intake into a human body. When boron and vanadium are contained in drinking water in a concentration close to their MPC, then their 20 % contribution into the reference dose is exceeded (71.4 % and 164.7 % accordingly). Introduction of these essential elements with food can become a factor that determines non-carcinogenic risk level.

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Preliminary Evaluation for Major Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Sources of Huainan City in China

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2015.16946 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 1185-1188

Author(s):

Hongshan Cui ◽

Bohan Zhou

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Health Risks ◽

Water Sources ◽

Preliminary Evaluation ◽

Major Health ◽

Drinking Water Sources

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Assessment of Drinking Water Sources for Water Quality, Human Health Risks, and Pollution Sources: A Case Study of the District Bajaur, Pakistan

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s00244-020-00801-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Muhammad Haya Khan ◽

Mohammad Nafees ◽

Nisar Muhammad ◽

Ubaid Ullah ◽

Rahib Hussain ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Water Sources ◽

Pollution Sources ◽

Human Health Risks ◽

Drinking Water Sources

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Essential elements and standards for their contents in drinking water

Health Risk Analysis ◽

10.21668/health.risk/2020.3.04 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 30-38

Author(s):

O.O. Sinitsyna ◽

◽

S.I. Plitman ◽

G.P. Ampleeva ◽

O.A. Gil'denskiol'd ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Health Risks ◽

Human Body ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Water Sources ◽

Essential Elements ◽

Risk Level ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Reference Doses

Certain essential and conditionally essential natural elements (selenium, chromium, iodine, molybdenum, cobalt, vanadium, fluorine, lithium, silicon, boron, and bromine) are standardized in terms of their contents in drinking water as per sanitary-toxicological parameters of adverse health effects. Our research goal was to determine a contribution made by drinking water into supplying a human body with essential natural elements as well as to substantiate the necessity to update standards regarding these substances. We applied calculation models for dose equivalents of essential elements MPC (maximum permissible concentration), MPC calculations for these substances basing on a necessary 20 % contribution made by drinking water into reference doses, and calculation of non-carcinogenic health risks due to essential elements occurrence in specific drinking water sources with these elements being distributed into different groups as per similar effects produced on certain organs and systems in a body. We took existing drinking water sources containing 6 essential elements with similar effects as an example and applied a procedure for assessing non-carcinogenic health risks. Acting nickel and selenium MPC do not supply a body with an optimal daily intake whereas their determined MPC are not only harmless but also conform to the minimum necessary intake dose. At the same time neither acting lithium MPC nor its calculated one taking into account risk assessment based on internationally accepted reference doses doesn’t provide the minimum necessary daily intake into a human body. When boron and vanadium are contained in drinking water in a concentration close to their MPC, then their 20 % contribution into the reference dose is exceeded (71.4 % and 164.7 % accordingly). Introduction of these essential elements with food can become a factor that determines non-carcinogenic risk level.

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Mapping human health risks from exposure to trace metal contamination of drinking water sources in Pakistan

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.069 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 538 ◽

pp. 306-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Avit Kumar Bhowmik ◽

Ambreen Alamdar ◽

Ioannis Katsoyiannis ◽

Heqing Shen ◽

Nadeem Ali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Trace Metal ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Metal Contamination ◽

Water Sources ◽

Trace Metal Contamination ◽

Human Health Risks ◽

Drinking Water Sources

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Occurrence and Human Health Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals and Hormones in Drinking Water Sources in the Metropolitan Area of Turin in Italy

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics9040088 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 88

Author(s):

Dimitra Papagiannaki ◽

Stefania Morgillo ◽

Gianluca Bocina ◽

Paola Calza ◽

Rita Binetti

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Metropolitan Area ◽

Water Sources ◽

Potential Health ◽

Human Health Risks ◽

Drinking Water Sources ◽

Treated Drinking Water

Pharmaceuticals and hormones (PhACs) enter the aquatic environment in multiple ways, posing potential adverse effects on non-target organisms. They have been widely detected in drinking water sources, challenging water companies to reassure good quality drinking water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of sixteen PhACs in both raw and treated drinking water sources in the Metropolitan Area of Turin—where Società Metropolitana Acque Torino (SMAT) is the company in charge of the water cycle management—and evaluate the potential human health risks associated to these compounds. Multivariate spatial statistical analysis techniques were used in order to characterize the areas at higher risk of pollution, taking into account the already existing SMAT sampling points’ network. Health risks were assessed considering average detected concentrations and provisional guideline values for individual compounds as well as their combined mixture. As reported in the just-issued Drinking Water Directive 2020/2184/UE, in order to establish priority substances, a risk assessment of contaminants present in raw drinking water sources is required for monitoring, identifying potential health risks and, if necessary, managing their removal. The results showed negligibly low human health risks in both raw water sources and treated water.

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