scholarly journals Emotion and Gender Typicality Cue Sexual Orientation Differently in Women and Men

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 2547-2560
Author(s):  
R. Thora Bjornsdottir ◽  
Nicholas O. Rule
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Gender Typicality ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
Gender Inversion ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Heterosexual individuals tend to look and act more typical for their gender compared to gay and lesbian individuals, and people use this information to infer sexual orientation. Consistent with stereotypes associating happy expressions with femininity, previous work found that gay men displayed more happiness than straight men—a difference that perceivers used, independent of gender typicality, to judge sexual orientation. Here, we extended this to judgments of women’s sexual orientation. Like the gender-inversion stereotypes applied to men, participants perceived women’s faces manipulated to look angry as more likely to be lesbians; however, emotional expressions largely did not distinguish the faces of actual lesbian and straight women. Compared to men’s faces, women’s faces varied less in their emotional expression (appearing invariably positive) but varied more in gender typicality. These differences align with gender role expectations requiring the expression of positive emotion by women and prohibiting the expression of femininity by men. More important, greater variance within gender typicality and emotion facilitates their respective utility for distinguishing sexual orientation from facial appearance. These findings thus provide the first evidence for contrasting cues to women’s and men’s sexual orientation and suggest that gender norms may uniquely shape how men and women reveal their sexual orientation.

Sati

Crisis ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dinesh Bhugra
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Social Causation ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
Good Wife ◽  
And Gender

Abstract. Sati as an act of ritual suicide has been reported from the Indian subcontinent, especially among the Hindus, for several centuries. Although legally proscribed, these acts occur even now in modern India. The principle behind such acts has been put forward as the principle of good wife. There is little evidence to suggest that women who commit this act suffer from a formal mental illness. Cultural factors and gender role expectations play a significant role in the act and its consequences. Using recent examples, this paper illustrates the cultural factors, which may be seen as contributing to the act of suicide. Other factors embedded in the act also emphasize that not all suicides have underlying psychiatric disorders and clinicians must take social causation into account while preparing any prevention strategies.

Gender and Gender Role Expectations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Willoughby ◽  
Spencer L. James
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
Traditional Gender Roles ◽  
Role Balance ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Neutrality

This chapter provides an overview of emerging adults’ views on gender and gender roles. The authors describe their findings regarding who emerging adults believe benefits more from marriage, men or women. Little consensus seemed to exist regarding how emerging adults viewed the connection between gender and marriage; the authors propose that this is a reflection of our current culture, which continues to move toward gender neutrality and the dismissal of gender differences. The authors also explore how emerging adults believe gender roles will play out in their own marriages. A specific paradox whereby emerging adults aspire to an egalitarian role balance yet tend to end up in traditional gender roles is discussed.

Sexual Orientation and Gender Typicality of the Occupation in Young Adulthood

Social Forces ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Ueno ◽  
T. Roach ◽  
A. E. Pena-Talamantes
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Gender Typicality ◽  
And Gender

Heterosexism in the Workplace

2003 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belle Rose Ragins ◽  
John M. Cornwell ◽  
Janice S. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gay Men ◽  
Orientation Discrimination ◽  
Relational Demography ◽  
Gay Identity ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Multiple Group ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Employees Of Color ◽  
Group Memberships

This article examined the effects of multiple group memberships and relational demography on the workplace experiences of 534 gay employees, 162 of whom were gay employees of color. Two competing models of multiple group membership were tested by assessing the effects of race and gender on sexual orientation discrimination and the decision to disclose a gay identity at work. Race and gender were unrelated to heterosexism. Lesbians were as likely to disclose as gay men, but gay employees of color were less likely to disclose at work. Relational demography predictions were supported for race and sexual orientation but not for gender, suggesting that gender similarity predictions may not apply to gay employees. More heterosexism was reported with male supervisors or work teams, and these effects were stronger for lesbians than gay men. Irrespective of race, employees in racially balanced teams reported less heterosexism than those in primarily White or non-White teams.

That's a case of sexual harassment… Isn't it?

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Vaibhavi Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Vice President ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Power Dynamics ◽  
Private Bank ◽  
Initial Attempt ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
Office Politics ◽  
And Gender

This case centres around a senior vice-president in a private bank, who becomes aware of a potential sexual harassment (SH) case within his team. The case captures his reactions, right from his initial attempt to understand the scenario, to his conversations with the woman concerned, and his eventual attempt to minimise the incident. The purpose of the case is to explore how such incidents can play out in the Indian corporate sector, where socio-cultural factors and gender role expectations influence the way organisational members perceive and respond to the complaints. Influence of factors such as gender role expectations, power dynamics, office politics, individual differences, and business concerns in a) perception of harassment incidents and b) attributes related to harassment incidents

Looking through Gendered Lenses: Female Stereotyping in Advertisements and Gender Role Expectations

1996 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Lafky ◽  
Margaret Duffy ◽  
Mary Steinmaus ◽  
Dan Berkowitz
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Experimental Treatment ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
School Students ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
Gender Role Stereotyping ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Gender

This study applied cognitive heuristics theory to the study of gender role stereotyping. Seventy-five high school students viewed magazine advertisements with stereotypical images of women, while fifty others viewed nonstereotypical images. Both groups then responded to statements concerning a woman in a “neutral” photograph. Differences in gender role expectations were found for six of the twelve questionnaire statements, although differences were not consistently related to either gender or experimental treatment. While the effects documented in this experiment were not dramatic, the results provide further evidence that even brief exposure to stereotypical advertisements plays a role in reinforcing stereotypes about gender roles and that what Sandra Bem has described as the lenses of gender lead to differences in the ways males and females cognitively process visual advertising images.

scholarly journals Biased by the Group: Memory for an Emotional Expression Biases Towards the Ensemble

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan C. Corbin ◽  
L. Elizabeth Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Expression ◽  
Emotional Expressions ◽  
Single Exposure ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Ensemble Encoding ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Category Effects ◽  
Neutral Expression

An emotional expression can be misremembered as more similar to previously seen expressions than it actually was – demonstrating inductive category effects for emotional expressions. Given that memory is influenced over time, we sought to determine whether memory for a single expression would be similarly influenced by other expressions viewed simultaneously. In other words, we test whether the ability to encode statistical features of an ensemble (i.e., ensemble encoding) is leveraged when attempting to recall a single expression from the ensemble. In three preregistered experiments, participants saw an ensemble of 4 expressions, one neutral and the three either happy or sad. After a delay, participants were asked to reproduce the neutral face by adjusting a response face’s expression. In Experiment 1, the ensemble comprised images of the same actor; in Experiments 2 and 3, images were comprised of individuals varying race and gender. In each experiment we demonstrated that even after only a single exposure, memory for the neutral expression in the happy group was biased happier relative to the same expression in the sad group. Data and syntax can be found at https://osf.io/gcbez/.

Gender and Bullying

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth J. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Role Expectations ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Role Expectations ◽  
What Works ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Violent Assault

The field of bullying research initially paid minimal attention to the influences of gender role expectations (masculinity, femininity, and gender role conformity), as well as heteronormativity, cisnormativity, homophobia, and transphobia in understanding the phenomenon. This has shifted since the late 2000s, when more research emerged that analyzes gender as an influential factor for understanding bullying dynamics in schools. More recent studies have focused on LGBTQ youth, issues of disability, and racialized identities, as well as the impacts of online interactions. When examining gender and bullying, it is important to also examine related forms of gender-based violence, including sexual harassment, dating violence, and other forms of sexual and violent assault such as transphobic violence and murder. In order to more effectively support schools and professionals working to reduce bullying, there must be a deeper understanding of what is currently known about gender and bullying, what works to reduce it in schools, and what still needs more attention in the research literature.

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