Reconstruction process of damaged residential buildings outside historical centres after the L’Aquila earthquake: part II—“heavy damage” reconstruction

The estimation of direct and indirect losses due to earthquakes is a key issue in the Performance Based Earthquake Engineering framework. In commonly adopted loss computation tools, no specific data related to masonry infill panels, widespread in moment-resisting-frame residential buildings, are available to perform a probabilistic assessment of losses. To fill this gap, specific fragility and loss functions have been recently proposed in the last years. To assess their validity and estimate the relevance of the repair costs due to infills after earthquakes with respect to the total reconstruction process, the present work analyses the Reinforced Concrete residential buildings with masonry infills struck by the 2009 L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake, focusing on the dataset of “lightly” damaged buildings, where only damage to masonry infills occurred. Based on available data related to these buildings, the observed damage scenario after L’Aquila earthquake is first obtained. The repair costs for infills are estimated given this damage scenario. The resulting estimated repair costs are then compared with the actual repair costs presented in the available literature. The percentage influence of infills on the total repair costs due to earthquakes for residential buildings is lastly computed, resulting on average equal to the fifty percent.

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Relationships between empirical damage and direct/indirect costs for the assessment of seismic loss scenarios

Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering ◽

10.1007/s10518-021-01235-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marco Di Ludovico ◽

Giuseppina De Martino ◽

Andrea Prota ◽

Gaetano Manfredi ◽

Mauro Dolce

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Fragility Curves ◽

Unit Cost ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Damage State ◽

Reconstruction Process ◽

2009 L’Aquila Earthquake ◽

Damage States

AbstractThe definition of relationships between damage and losses is a crucial aspect for the prediction of seismic effects and the development of reliable models to define risk maps, loss scenarios and mitigation strategies. The paper focuses on the analysis of post-earthquake empirical data to define relationships between buildings’ damage expressed as usability rating or as global damage state and the associated costs for repair (i.e. direct costs) or for population assistance (i.e. a part of total indirect costs). The analysis refers to the data collected on residential buildings damaged by 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. For different usability rating or damage states, the paper presents the costs expressed in terms of percentage with respect to the reference unit cost of a new building (%Cr and %Ca for repair and population assistance costs, respectively). In particular, the costs analysis refers to undamaged, lightly or severely damaged buildings classified according to usability rating (i.e. A, B-C or E according to Italian classification) or to five different global Damage States (DSs). DSs comply with European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) and derive from literature available matrices properly defined to convert empirical damage to structural and non-structural components into building global damage. The %Cr probability density functions and relevant statistics derive from the analysis of actual data of post-earthquake reconstruction process, while, to determine those related to %Ca, a deep analysis of population assistance types, person/month assistance cost for each assistance form, and a methodology to associate such costs to each building are herein presented and discussed. Finally, the paper presents a relationship calibrated on empirical data to directly correlate repair costs on a building with assistance costs to their occupants. The relationships between empirical damage and direct and indirect costs herein presented are of paramount importance because they allow reliable loss scenarios to be defined by simply using literature fragility curves (defined according to empirical or mechanical approaches) aimed at evaluating the probability of exceeding different usability rating or damage states of existing buildings.

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Damage Assessment in Italy, and Experiences After Recent Earthquakes on Reparability and Repair Costs

Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering - Advances in Assessment and Modeling of Earthquake Loss ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_4 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 65-84

Author(s):

M. Di Ludovico ◽

G. De Martino ◽

A. Prota ◽

G. Manfredi ◽

M. Dolce

Keyword(s):

Seismic Risk ◽

Damage Assessment ◽

Risk Mitigation ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Reconstruction Process ◽

Italian Experience ◽

Repair Costs ◽

Definition Of ◽

Intervention Costs ◽

Recent Earthquakes

AbstractRecent devastating earthquakes outlined the importance of quantifying losses and the amount of resources needed for the reconstruction process. The restoration of public or residential buildings in the aftermath of the seismic event may significantly affect national economy. This remarks the primary role and crucial need of having accurate predictions of direct and indirect costs for reconstruction in order to plan effective risk mitigation strategies and perform reliable loss scenarios. The recent Italian seismic events have been a unique occasion to collect observational data on existing buildings. The present work, based on the Italian experience of recent earthquakes, aims at discussing the main aspects related to the damage assessment of residential buildings and reconstruction models together with the huge amount of data collected in the reconstruction processes. In particular, an in-depth analysis of the data provided by the reconstruction process of 2009 L’Aquila earthquake is reported focussing on repair and strengthening intervention costs as a function of the empirical damage,repairability issues, and assistance to population costs. The data are discussed separately for reinforced concrete and masonry residential buildings and refers about 10,100 buildings located Outside Historical Centres (OHC) and Inside Historical Centres (IHC). Finally, the criteria adopted for the definition of the building seismic risk classes at the base of the Italian guidelines for seismic risk classification of constructions are presented together with recent policies adopted in Italy in terms of fiscal deduction for strengthening interventions on private residential buildings.

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Analysis of the Population Assistance and Returning Home in the Reconstruction Process of the 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su9081395 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1395 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Antonio Mannella ◽

Marco Di Ludovico ◽

Antonio Sabino ◽

Andrea Prota ◽

Mauro Dolce ◽

...

Keyword(s):

L’Aquila Earthquake ◽

Reconstruction Process ◽

2009 L’Aquila Earthquake ◽

Returning Home

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Post-War Building Damage Detection

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/ecrs-2-05172 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (7) ◽

pp. 359

Author(s):

Ali Ghandour ◽

Abedelkarim Jezzini

Keyword(s):

Damage Detection ◽

Critical Infrastructure ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Accuracy Assessment ◽

Building Damage ◽

Aerial Images ◽

Reconstruction Process ◽

Size Type ◽

Post War ◽

Occurrence Matrix

Natural disasters and wars wreak havoc not only on individuals and critical infrastructure, but also leave behind ruined residential buildings and housings. The size, type and location of damaged houses are essential data sources for the post-disaster reconstruction process. Building damage detection due to war activities has not been thoroughly discussed in the literature. In this paper, an automated building damage detection technique that relies on both pre- and post-war aerial images is proposed. Building damage estimation was done using shadow information and Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix features. Accuracy assessment applied over a Syrian war-affected zone near Damascus reveals the excellent performance of the proposed technique.

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Relationships Between Empirical Damage and Direct/Indirect Costs for the Assessment of Seismic Loss Scenarios

10.21203/rs.3.rs-603444/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marco Di Ludovico ◽

Giuseppina De MArtino ◽

Andrea Prota ◽

Gaetano Manfredi ◽

Mauro Dolce

Keyword(s):

Empirical Data ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Fragility Curves ◽

Unit Cost ◽

Indirect Costs ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Damage State ◽

Reconstruction Process ◽

2009 L’Aquila Earthquake ◽

Damage States

Abstract The definition of relationships between damage and losses is a crucial aspect for the prediction of seismic effects and the development of reliable models to define risk maps, loss scenarios and mitigation strategies. The paper focuses on the analysis of post-earthquake empirical data to define relationships between buildings’ damage expressed as usability rating or as global damage state and the associated costs for repair (i.e. direct costs) or for population assistance (i.e. a part of total indirect costs). The analysis refers to the data collected on residential buildings damaged by 2009 L'Aquila earthquake. For different usability rating or damage states, the paper presents the costs expressed in terms of percentage with respect to the reference unit cost of a new building (%Cr and %Ca for repair and population assistance costs, respectively). In particular, the costs analysis refers to undamaged, lightly or severely damaged buildings classified according to usability rating (i.e. A, B-C or E according to Italian classification) or to five different global Damage States (DSs). DSs comply with European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98) and derive from literature available matrices properly defined to convert empirical damage to structural and non-structural components into building global damage. The %Cr probability density functions and relevant statistics derive from the analysis of actual data of post-earthquake reconstruction process, while, to determine those related to %Ca, a deep analysis of population assistance types, person/month assistance cost for each assistance form, and a methodology to associate such costs to each building are herein presented and discussed. Finally the paper presents a relationship calibrated on empirical data to directly correlate repair costs on a building with assistance costs to their occupants.The relationships between empirical damage and direct and indirect costs herein presented are of paramount importance because they allow reliable loss scenarios to be defined by simply using literature fragility curves (defined according to empirical or mechanical approaches) aimed at evaluating the probability of exceeding different usability rating or damage states of existing buildings.

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Detection, Averaging, and 3D Reconstruction of Biological Specimens on Hypercubes (Transputer-based) Computers

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100181026 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 454-455

Author(s):

Jose-Maria Carazo ◽

I. Benavides ◽

S. Marco ◽

J.L. Carrascosa ◽

E.L. Zapata

Keyword(s):

3D Reconstruction ◽

3D Structure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Software Tools ◽

Mapping Method ◽

Computer Architectures ◽

Parallel Computer ◽

Reconstruction Process ◽

Computing Power ◽

Order Of Magnitude

Obtaining the three-dimensional (3D) structure of negatively stained biological specimens at a resolution of, typically, 2 - 4 nm is becoming a relatively common practice in an increasing number of laboratories. A combination of new conceptual approaches, new software tools, and faster computers have made this situation possible. However, all these 3D reconstruction processes are quite computer intensive, and the middle term future is full of suggestions entailing an even greater need of computing power. Up to now all published 3D reconstructions in this field have been performed on conventional (sequential) computers, but it is a fact that new parallel computer architectures represent the potential of order-of-magnitude increases in computing power and should, therefore, be considered for their possible application in the most computing intensive tasks.We have studied both shared-memory-based computer architectures, like the BBN Butterfly, and local-memory-based architectures, mainly hypercubes implemented on transputers, where we have used the algorithmic mapping method proposed by Zapata el at. In this work we have developed the basic software tools needed to obtain a 3D reconstruction from non-crystalline specimens (“single particles”) using the so-called Random Conical Tilt Series Method. We start from a pair of images presenting the same field, first tilted (by ≃55°) and then untilted. It is then assumed that we can supply the system with the image of the particle we are looking for (ideally, a 2D average from a previous study) and with a matrix describing the geometrical relationships between the tilted and untilted fields (this step is now accomplished by interactively marking a few pairs of corresponding features in the two fields). From here on the 3D reconstruction process may be run automatically.

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