scholarly journals Hidden invasion and niche contraction revealed by herbaria specimens in the fungal complex causing oak powdery mildew in Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrin Gross ◽  
Célia Petitcollin ◽  
Cyril Dutech ◽  
Bayo Ly ◽  
Marie Massot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Competitive Effects ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Slight Advantage

AbstractDeciphering the dynamics involved in past microbial invasions has proven difficult due to the inconspicuous nature of microbes and their still poorly known diversity and biogeography. Here we focus on powdery mildew, a common disease of oaks which emerged in Europe at the beginning of the twentieth century and for which three closely related Erysiphe species are mainly involved. The study of herbaria samples combined with an experimental approach of interactions between Erysiphe species led us to revisit the history of this multiple invasion. Contrary to what was previously thought, herbaria sample analyses very strongly suggested that the currently dominant species, E. alphitoides, was not the species which caused the first outbreaks and was described as a new species at that time. Instead, E. quercicola was shown to be present since the early dates of disease reports and to be widespread all over Europe in the beginning of the twentieth century. E. alphitoides spread and became progressively dominant during the second half of the twentieth century while E. quercicola was constrained to the southern part of its initial range, corresponding to its current distribution. A competition experiment provided a potential explanation of this over-invasion by demonstrating that E. alphitoides had a slight advantage over E. quercicola by its ability to infect leaves during a longer period during shoot development. Our study is exemplary of invasions with complexes of functionally similar species, emphasizing that subtle differences in the biology of the species, rather than strong competitive effects may explain patterns of over-invasion and niche contraction.

scholarly journals A new species and a new record in Trichosalpinx (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae) from Peru

Lankesteriana ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Thoerle ◽  
Carmen Soto
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Record ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
Obtuse Apex ◽  
A New Species

A new species in Trichosalpinx is described, illustrated, and compared with similar species, and a new record for Peru is described and illustrated. A brief history of the genus is provided. Trichosalpinx reticulata is most similar to T. carmeniae, but differs with a reticulated, gray-green leaf; a longer inflorescence; and a lip with a pair of low, rounded basal lobes and an obtuse apex. Trichosalpinx acremona is recorded from Peruvian collections. 

The Start of the “New Time” Journalist Real Return to Contemporary Readers: First Volume of the “Letters to the Fellow Men” by M.O. Menshikiv

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 748-755
Author(s):  
Svetlana M. Sankova
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World History ◽  
Complete Collection ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
New Time

The article is devoted to the history of reprints of M. O. Menshikov’s articles during his work in the “New Time” journal. The author analyzes the content of the first volume of the draft reprint of the complete collection of “Letters to the Fellow Men” by M. O. Menshikov (St. Petersburg). The article shows the importance of this project for the possibility of complete recreation of the image of this publicist, ambiguously perceived by both contemporaries and descendants, as well as for gaining knowledge about the processes in the domestic and world history and culture in the beginning of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Diodonopsis ramiromedinae (Orchidaceae: Pleurothallidinae), a new species from Colombia

Lankesteriana ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Thoerle ◽  
Ramiro Medina Trejo
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Basal Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
A New Species

A new species, Diodonopsis ramiromedinae, is described, illustrated, and compared with similar species. A brief history of Masdevallia sect. Pygmaeae and the genus Diodonopsis is provided. Diodonopsis ramiromedinae is most similar to D. anachaeta, but differs by sepals with apices acute or acuminate-triangular vs. narrowly caudate; longer petals with a descending, narrowly linear, rounded basal process vs. with an acute, retrorse basal process; and the larger lip, obovate with the apex very broadly rounded vs. oblong-subpandurate with the apex acute. 

scholarly journals Maintaining Maritime History since 1799 (to the Anniversary of the Central Naval Library)

2015 ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
A. B. Vitas
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Maritime History ◽  
Library Directors ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Near Future

The article describes the history of the Naval Library beginning with the Ordinance of Emperor Paul I of 25 November, 1799 till the present day. The article contains the story of Library Directors - the outstanding people of their time, employees, saving the library during the siege of Leningrad, as well as gives an outlook for the near future. The first part of the article describes the difficulties the new library had to overcome in the beginning of its glorious historical path. The second part covers the activities of the great Directors - seafarers, such as I. Kruzenshtern, F. Wrangell - Admirals, toured round the world, and many others, successfully managed the library in the nineteenth century. The third part focuses on the difficulties that befell the library in the twentieth century: Revolution, the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War. We are still grateful to E. Kazais, A. Maimistov, B. Nikolsky for their hard work, that allowed to save the collections. The final part of the article gives an overview on the current state of library and the prospects for the near future.

Language, History, Nation, and the Imaginary of Maithili Identity

2018 ◽  
pp. 66-109
Author(s):  
Mithilesh Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Literary History ◽  
National Language ◽  
Language History ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Indian Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning

Using the category of language and history, the present chapter attempts to explore the incongruities, persistent ambivalences and challenges to the formation of nationalist consciousness in the context of India’s ‘Hindi heartland’ in the second half of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. Within the ‘Hindi heartland’, we do not find any serious challenges to the pan Indian identity formation, at least not in the beginning. But a weak, even suppressed, but obvious and often visible discomforts against such formation was not totally absent. The Maithili speakers accepted Hindi as the national language of India but when attempts were made by the supporter of Hindi to appropriate it as a ‘dialect’ of Hindi, they began to contest not only such claims by asserting the independence and rich literary history of Maithili, but also in the process they began to articulate a ‘new’ imaginary of Maithili identity. I have explored in this chapter how far such articulations were successful and how did Maithili language and history was used as powerful tools for the articulations of modern Maithili identity.

Introduction

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon Bogdanor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
Queen Victoria ◽  
House Of Lords ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Valuable Role

This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the history of the British constitution in the twentieth century. In the beginning of the twentieth century, doubts started to emerge concerning the function of the uncodified constitution and the role of the sovereign in such a system. In the later part of the century it became accepted that the sovereign could perform a valuable role as mediator, and Queen Victoria had not hesitated in exercising this role. The chapter also discusses the role of other government agencies under an uncodified constitution, including the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the civil service.

scholarly journals Laboratories, Museums, and the Comparative Perspective: Alan A. Boyden's Quest for Objectivity in Serological Taxonomy, 1924––1962

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno J. Strasser
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
The United States ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Research Culture ◽  
History Of

The rise of experimentation and the decline of natural history constitute the historiographic backbone to most narratives about the history of the life sciences in the twentieth century. As I argue here, however, natural history practices, such as the collection and comparison of data from numerous species, and experimental practices have actually converged throughout the century, giving rise to a new hybrid research culture which is essential to the contemporary life sciences. Looking at some examples of researchers who studied experimentally the relationships between organisms offers a unique window into how the norms, values, and practices of natural history entered the laboratory and, conversely, how the norms, values, and practices of experimentation transformed natural history. This paper concentrates on a largely overlooked episode in the history of the life sciences: the development of Alan A. Boyden's serological taxonomy. In the United States, from the late 1920s to the early 1960s, he was the most prominent advocate of this experimental approach in natural history. His quest for an objective method to understand the relationships among species, his creation of a serological museum where he could apply his comparative perspective, and his continued negotiations between natural historical and experimental traditions, illustrate the rise of a new hybrid research culture in the twentieth century. It also helps us solve a historiographic puzzle, namely how biological diversity become so central in the experimental life sciences, i.e., in a tradition which we generally understand as having focused on a few model organisms, and which relegated the study of biodiversity to naturalists and their museums.

Hard Objects in George Oppen's Discrete Series

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-517
Author(s):  
Ned Hercock
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ludwig Wittgenstein ◽  
Discrete Series ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
John Ruskin ◽  
Gerard Manley Hopkins ◽  
Marcel Duchamp ◽  
The World ◽  
Production History ◽  
History Of

This essay examines the objects in George Oppen's Discrete Series (1934). It considers their primary property to be their hardness – many of them have distinctively uniform and impenetrable surfaces. This hardness and uniformity is contrasted with 19th century organicism (Gerard Manley Hopkins and John Ruskin). Taking my cue from Kirsten Blythe Painter I show how in their work with hard objects these poems participate within a wider cultural and philosophical turn towards hardness in the early twentieth century (Marcel Duchamp, Adolf Loos, Ludwig Wittgenstein and others). I describe the thinking these poems do with regard to industrialization and to human experience of a resolutely object world – I argue that the presentation of these objects bears witness to the production history of the type of objects which in this era are becoming preponderant in parts of the world. Finally, I suggest that the objects’ impenetrability offers a kind of anti-aesthetic relief: perception without conception. If ‘philosophy recognizes the Concept in everything’ it is still possible, these poems show, to experience resistance to this imperious process of conceptualization. Within thinking objects (poems) these are objects which do not think.

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