Somatosensory Brain Function and Gray Matter Regional Volumes Differ According to Exercise History: Evidence from Monozygotic Twins

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) is a commonly-used MR imaging technique in studying brain function. The BOLD signal can be strongly affected by specific sequence parameters, especially in small field strengths. Previous small-scale studies have investigated the effect of TE on BOLD contrast. This study evaluates the dependence of fMRI results on echo time (TE) during concurrent activation of the visual and motor cortex at 1.5 T in a larger sample of 21 healthy volunteers. The experiment was repeated using two different TE values (50 and 70 ms) in counterbalanced order. Furthermore, T2* measurements of the gray matter were performed. Results indicated that both peak beta value and number of voxels were significantly higher using TE = 70 than TE = 50 ms in primary motor, primary somatosensory and supplementary motor cortices (p < 0.007). In addition, the amplitude of activation in visual cortices and the dorsal premotor area was also higher using TE = 70 ms (p < 0.001). Gray matter T2* of the corresponding areas did not vary significantly. In conclusion, the optimal TE value (among the two studied) for visual and motor activity is 70 ms affecting both the amplitude and extent of regional hemodynamic activation.

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Experience-Driven Differences in Childhood Cortisol Predict Affect-Relevant Brain Function and Coping in Adolescent Monozygotic Twins

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep37081 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Cory A. Burghy ◽

Michelle E. Fox ◽

M. Daniela Cornejo ◽

Diane E. Stodola ◽

Sasha L. Sommerfeldt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Function ◽

Monozygotic Twins ◽

And Coping

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S34-01 - Gray matter volume in monozygotic twins concordant and discordant for schizophrenia

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(10)70095-x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 95

Author(s):

S.J. Borgwardt ◽

M.M. Picchioni ◽

U. Ettinger ◽

T. Toulopoulou ◽

R. Murray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gray Matter ◽

Gray Matter Volume ◽

Monozygotic Twins ◽

Matter Volume

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Associations and Heritability of Auditory Encoding, Gray Matter, and Attention in Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Bulletin ◽

10.1093/schbul/sby111 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 859-870 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yu-Han Chen ◽

Breannan Howell ◽

J Christopher Edgar ◽

Mingxiong Huang ◽

Peter Kochunov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gray Matter ◽

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Brain Function ◽

Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽

Group Differences ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Function Structure ◽

Regional Specificity ◽

Gray Matter Loss ◽

Auditory Encoding

Abstract Background Auditory encoding abnormalities, gray-matter loss, and cognitive deficits are all candidate schizophrenia (SZ) endophenotypes. This study evaluated associations between and heritability of auditory network attributes (function and structure) and attention in healthy controls (HC), SZ patients, and unaffected relatives (UR). Methods Whole-brain maps of M100 auditory activity from magnetoencephalography recordings, cortical thickness (CT), and a measure of attention were obtained from 70 HC, 69 SZ patients, and 35 UR. Heritability estimates (h2r) were obtained for M100, CT at each group-difference region, and the attention measure. Results SZ patients had weaker bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) M100 responses than HC and a weaker right frontal M100 response than UR. Abnormally large M100 responses in left superior frontal gyrus were observed in UR and SZ patients. SZ patients showed smaller CT in bilateral STG and right frontal regions. Interrelatedness between 3 putative SZ endophenotypes was demonstrated, although in the left STG the M100 and CT function−structure associations observed in HC and UR were absent in SZ patients. Heritability analyses also showed that right frontal M100 and bilateral STG CT measures are significantly heritable. Conclusions Present findings indicated that the 3 SZ endophenotypes examined are not isolated markers of pathology but instead are connected. The pattern of auditory encoding group differences and the pattern of brain function−structure associations differ as a function of brain region, indicating the need for regional specificity when studying these endophenotypes, and with the presence of left STG function−structure associations in HC and UR but not in SZ perhaps reflecting disease-associated damage to gray matter that disrupts function−structure relationships in SZ.

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Long-Term Physical Activity May Modify Brain Structure and Function: Studies in Young Healthy Twins

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2018-0416 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 637-643 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ina M. Tarkka ◽

Pekka Hautasaari ◽

Heidi Pesonen ◽

Eini Niskanen ◽

Mirva Rottensteiner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Gray Matter ◽

Aerobic Capacity ◽

Monozygotic Twins ◽

Sensory Function ◽

Anterior Cingulate ◽

Brain Morphology ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Brain Structure And Function ◽

Gray Matter Volumes

Background: Physical activity (PA) is said to be beneficial to many bodily functions. However, the effects of PA in the brain are still inadequately known. The authors aimed to uncover possible brain modulation linked with PA. Here, they combine 4 of their studies with monozygotic twins, who were within-pair discordant in PA for a minimum of 1 year. Methods: The authors performed brain imaging, brain electrophysiology, and cardiovascular and body composition assessments, and collected questionnaire-based data. The present synopsis elucidates the differences associated with differing PA history in conditions without genetic variability. They present new structural and electrophysiological results. Participants, healthy, 45 male monozygotic twins (mean age 34.5 [1.5] y) differed in aerobic capacity and fat percentage (P < .001). Results: More active co-twins showed larger gray matter volumes in striatal, prefrontal, and hippocampal regions, and smaller gray matter volumes in the anterior cingulate area than less active co-twins. Functionally, visual and somatosensory automatic change detection processes differed between more and less active co-twins. Conclusions: In monozygotic twins, who differed in their PA history, differences were observed in identifiable anatomic brain locations involved with motor control and memory functions, as well as in electrophysiological measures detecting brain’s automatic processes. Better aerobic capacity may modify brain morphology and sensory function.

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Regional Gray Matter Volume in Monozygotic Twins Concordant and Discordant for Schizophrenia

Biological Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.10.026 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 67 (10) ◽

pp. 956-964 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Stefan J. Borgwardt ◽

Marco M. Picchioni ◽

Ulrich Ettinger ◽

Timothea Toulopoulou ◽

Robin Murray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gray Matter ◽

Gray Matter Volume ◽

Monozygotic Twins ◽

Matter Volume

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UNDERNUTRITION AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT EFFECT OF LYSINE AND THREONINE SUPPLE-MENTATION ON BRAIN FUNCTION IN MONOZYGOTIC TWINS

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology ◽

10.3177/jnsv.19.157 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 157-163 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Toshio OISO ◽

Einosuke TAMURA ◽

Shoji KAWADA ◽

Hiroshi WAKO ◽

Tomiji HATAKEYAMA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Brain Development ◽

Brain Function ◽

Monozygotic Twins

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A challenge for predictive coding: Representational or experiential diversity?

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x19003157 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 43 ◽

Author(s):

Martina G. Vilas ◽

Lucia Melloni

Keyword(s):

Brain Function ◽

Predictive Coding ◽

Predictive Processing ◽

Process Theory

Abstract To become a unifying theory of brain function, predictive processing (PP) must accommodate its rich representational diversity. Gilead et al. claim such diversity requires a multi-process theory, and thus is out of reach for PP, which postulates a universal canonical computation. We contend this argument and instead propose that PP fails to account for the experiential level of representations.

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FT-IR microspectroscopic analysis of diseased white matter brain tissues

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100141214 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 53 ◽

pp. 968-969

Author(s):

Steven M. Le Vine ◽

David L. Wetzel

Keyword(s):

White Matter ◽

Gray Matter ◽

Twitcher Mouse ◽

Grid Pattern ◽

Marked Contrast ◽

Spatially Resolved ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Ir Microspectroscopy ◽

Chemical Evidence

In situ FT-IR microspectroscopy has allowed spatially resolved interrogation of different parts of brain tissue. In previous work the spectrrscopic features of normal barin tissue were characterized. The white matter, gray matter and basal ganglia were mapped from appropriate peak area measurements from spectra obtained in a grid pattern. Bands prevalent in white matter were mostly associated with the lipid. These included 2927 and 1469 cm-1 due to CH2 as well as carbonyl at 1740 cm-1. Also 1235 and 1085 cm-1 due to phospholipid and galactocerebroside, respectively (Figs 1and2). Localized chemical changes in the white matter as a result of white matter diseases have been studied. This involved the documentation of localized chemical evidence of demyelination in shiverer mice in which the spectra of white matter lacked the marked contrast between it and gray matter exhibited in the white matter of normal mice (Fig. 3).The twitcher mouse, a model of Krabbe’s desease, was also studied. The purpose in this case was to look for a localized build-up of psychosine in the white matter caused by deficiencies in the enzyme responsible for its breakdown under normal conditions.

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