Differences in activity level between cownose rays (Rhinoptera bonasus) and Atlantic stingrays (Dasyatis sabina) are related to differences in heart mass, hemoglobin concentration, and gill surface area

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1409-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Grim ◽  
A. Adam Ding ◽  
Wayne A. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Dasyatis Sabina ◽  
Rhinoptera Bonasus ◽  
Heart Mass ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Branchial circulation and gill morphometrics in the sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus, an ancient Chondrosteian fish

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (11) ◽  
pp. 2160-2170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren Burggren ◽  
Jeff Dunn ◽  
Kelly Barnard
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Gill Arch ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Acipenser Transmontanus ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Ventral Aorta ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
Anatomical Evidence ◽  
Ventilatory Muscles

Gill morphometries and branchical circulation have been examined in sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus, weighing from 1 to 336 kg.Weight-specific gill area of the lamellar blood channels, approximately 0.9 cm2/kg in 2–8 kg Acipenser, is low compared with that of other fishes, and probably reflects a low activity level and metabolic rate in the sturgeon. Gill arches III–VI contribute 98% of the respiratory surface area of the sturgeon. However, Acipenser retains gill tissue representing all six embryonic arches. The spiracular pseudobranch (arch I) is perfused with oxygenated blood, while the well developed opercular gill (arch II) receives deoxygenated blood from the ventral aorta. Although comprising only 2% of total gill surface area, anatomical evidence indicates that gill arch II functions in gas exchange and is the major source of blood for certain ventilatory muscles of the operculum.Lamellae on all branchial filaments of all arches can be placed into one of five surface area classes, each class bearing a quantitative area relationship to all others. Since surface areas of the various gill arches also bear certain quantitative and consistent interrelationships, total gill surface area could be accurately predicted for sturgeon on the basis of data from single hemibranchs.

Spatial distribution of the parasite Kroyeria carchariaeglauci Hesse, 1879 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida: Kroyeriidae) on gills of the blue shark (Prionace glauca (L., 1758))

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1275-1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
George W. Benz ◽  
Kevin S. Dupre
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Blue Shark ◽  
Prionace Glauca ◽  
Homogeneous Groups ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Gill Surface Area

Five blue sharks (Prionace glauca) were examined for gill-infesting copepods. Three species of siphonostomatoid copepods were collected: Gangliopus pyriformis, Phyllothyreus cornutus, and Kroyeria carchariaeglauci. The spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was analyzed. The number of K. carchariaeglauci per shark was positively related to gill surface area and host size. Copepods were unevenly distributed amongst hemibranchs; flanking hemibranchs could be arranged into three statistically homogeneous groups. Female K. carchariaeglauci typically attached themselves within the middle 40% of each hemibranch; males were more evenly dispersed. Eighty percent of all K. carchariaeglauci attached themselves to secondary lamellae, the remainder were in the underlying excurrent water channels. Most K. carchariaeglauci were located between 10 and 25 mm along the lengths of gill filaments. Overall, the spatial distribution of K. carchariaeglauci was quite specific in all study planes. Explanation of this distribution is set forth in terms of natural selection pressures; however, the equally plausible explanation that the distribution pattern exhibited by these copepods is phylogenetically determined and may have little to do with contemporary selective constraints should not be ignored.

scholarly journals Regularities of Variation of the Red Blood Indices Characterizing the Respiratory Function of Blood in Selected Fish

2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 35-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian Maciak ◽  
Alina Kostelecka-Myrcha
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Oxygen Transport ◽  
Respiratory Function ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Total Surface Area ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Blood Indices ◽  
Erythrocyte Surface ◽  
Area Unit ◽  
Counter Current

Regularities of Variation of the Red Blood Indices Characterizing the Respiratory Function of Blood in Selected FishThere is a large diversity of red blood indices determining oxygen transport ability in vertebrates. In fish this diversity is particularly large, probably due to the great variability in water environments, which impedes the possibility of finding and understanding general patterns. It has been assumed that in mammals, the measure determining the ability of a blood unit to transport oxygen is the ratio of hemoglobin concentration (HB) and total erythrocyte surface area (TSAE). It was also shown that both in mammals and birds the amount of hemoglobin per total surface area unit (Hb/TSAE) conditions maximum use of respiratory pigment in oxygen transport, in different physiological and environmental conditions. In order to check whether this regularity occurs in fish, red blood indices were analyzed in seven species of freshwater fish, differing noticeably in their biology and body mass in two seasons of the year. Notwithstanding this marked seasonal variability to the component variables together determining the total surface area of erythrocytes, the value for TSAE was found to differ in proportion to the higher or lower concentrations of HB. In consequence, the HB/TSAE ratio indicative of the maximal use of haemoglobin in the transport of oxygen was constant in all of the fish studied between analyzed seasons. This constancy - resembling that to be noted in birds - is most probably related to the counter-current gaseous exchange ongoing in the gills of fish.

Children’s Behavior and Physiology and How It Affects Exposure to Environmental Contaminants

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 113 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 996-1006
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Moya ◽  
Cynthia F. Bearer ◽  
Ruth A. Etzel
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Environmental Contaminants ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Environmental Toxicants ◽  
Soil Ingestion ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Food And Water Intake ◽  
Noxious Effect

Infant, child, and adolescent exposures to environmental toxicants are different from those of adults because of differences in behavior and physiology. Because of these differences, there is the potential for quantitatively different exposures at various stages of development. Pediatricians are well aware of these behavioral and physiologic differences from a clinical standpoint—namely, food and water intake, soil ingestion, mouthing behavior, inhalation physiology, and activity level—as they relate to the ratio of these parameters between the adult and the child when considering weight and surface area. Pediatricians recognized the importance of pica as a cause of lead poisoning, the noxious effect of second-hand smoke, and the greater propensity for addiction during the adolescent years. For determining the differences in impact of many environmental toxicants between adults and children, research is needed to document where and whether these differences result in deleterious effects.

Circulatory and Ventilatory Responses of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) to Artificial Manipulation of Gill Surface Area

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1609-1614 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Gill Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area ◽  
The Brain

Reductions in surface area of the gill were artificially produced by ligating various gill arches and occluding their blood supply. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) responded to a 40–57% reduction in gill area, by increasing cardiac output and ventilation volume, and probably by redistributing blood within the remaining functional gill area. Fish with blood flow to gill arches one and three only, could maintain arterial PO2 at 90–100 mm Hg, whereas, in those with blood flow to arches three and four only, arterial PO2 fell to around 40 mm Hg. The presence of a chemoreceptor site for the regulation of arterial PO2 associated with the efferent blood vessels of arch number one is discussed. Such a receptor may be located in the pseudobranch or in the portion of the brain supplied with arterial blood from the first gill arch.

Ecological lifestyles and the scaling of shark gill surface area

2018 ◽  
Vol 279 (12) ◽  
pp. 1716-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Bigman ◽  
Sebastián A. Pardo ◽  
Tanya S. Prinzing ◽  
Marc Dando ◽  
Nicholas C. Wegner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Gill Surface Area
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