Morphogenesis and spontaneous chromosome doubling during the parthenogenetic development of haploid female gametophytes in Pyropia haitanensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta)

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 2729-2741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenhui Zhong ◽  
Yusho Aruga ◽  
Xinghong Yan
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Pyropia Haitanensis ◽  
Parthenogenetic Development ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome

scholarly journals VARIATION AMONG PERENNIAL RYEGRASS x TALL FESCUE PLANTS FROM TISSUE CULTURE

1988 ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
A.G. Scott ◽  
D.W.R. White
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Chromosome Elimination ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome

Tissue culture was used in an attempt to obtain a fertile perennial ryegrass x tall fescue hybrid. Regenerated hybrid plants were found to be morphologically variable and contain extensive chromosome rearrangements. Spontaneous chromosome doubling had occurred as well as chromosome elimination. though no fertile hybrid plants have been obtained to date. Keywords: somaclonal variation, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, intergeneric hybrids

Study of androgenesis and spontaneous chromosome doubling in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes using isolated microspore culture

2009 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kahrizi ◽  
R. Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Microspore Culture ◽  
Doubled Haploids ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Microspore Embryogenesis ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome ◽  
Barley Genotypes

This research aimed to study the androgenesis and spontaneous chromosome doubling of five barley genotypes using an isolated in vitro microspore culture technique, involving a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Statistical analysis of embryogenesis and cytogenetic results showed that genotype had a significant effect on haploid embryogenesis (P<0.01) and on spontaneous chromosome doubling (P<0.05). The genotype Igri was found to have the highest potential to produce haploid embryos (1577 embryos from 100 anthers), followed by the genotypes Boyer/Rojo, Afzal/Turkman/Kavir, Ashar/Hebo and Agrigashar/Matico with 369, 304, 278 and 150 embryos from 100 anthers, respectively. The highest percentage of spontaneous chromosome doubling (76%) was observed for the genotype which had the lowest embryogenesis (Agrigashar/Matico) and the lowest (65%) for the genotype with the highest androgenic capacity (Igri). Microspore embryogenesis also showed comparatively higher genotypic (109.2) and phenotypic (109.5) coefficients of variation, heritability (99.62) and genetic advance (1206.77), indicating the pre-dominance of additive gene action in the control of this character in the material studied. Estimates of genetic parameters (PCV, GCV and heritability) for microspore embryogenesis were higher than for spontaneous doubled haploids. These results indicated that selection for androgenic capacity would be more effective than for spontaneous doubled haploids. The findings showed a negative relationship (r= −0.68) between embryogenesis and spontaneous chromosome doubling in the barley genotypes studied. All the large embryos used had high regenerability and good plantlet formation.

scholarly journals THE CHROMOSOMES OF TURKEY EMBRYOS DURING EARLY STAGES OF PARTHENOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT

Genetics ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ko Harada ◽  
Edward G Buss
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Genome Composition ◽  
Cleavage Division ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Parthenogenetic Development ◽  
Polyploid Cells ◽  
Cell Proportion ◽  
Parthenogenetic Embryos

ABSTRACT In the early stages of parthenogenetic development in turkey eggs, many blastoderms are mosaics of haploid, diploid and polyploid cells. The genome composition of these blastoderms can be identified by C-banding. They may be generally described as either A-Z/2A-ZZ/nA-nZ or A-W/2A-WW/nA-nW and are found in a nearly 1:1 ratio. The blastoderms showing the W body (W  +) become lethal within two days of incubation. The haploid cell proportion decreases rapidly during the early stage of development, and, as haploid cells decrease, the proportion of polyploid cells appears to increase. At six days of incubation, various kinds of parthenogenetic development can be observed. Their genome compositions are either diploid (2A-ZZ) or mosaic (A-Z/2A-ZZ). These findings suggest that diploid parthenogenesis occurs by either suppression of meiosis II or chromosome doubling some time after the first cleavage division. The frequent occurrence of mosaic blastoderms indicates that the majority, if not all, of the parthenogenetic embryos initiate their development in haploid ova.

scholarly journals In Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Polyploid Induction from Leaves of Hypericum Species

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1957-1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth M. Meyer ◽  
Darren H. Touchell ◽  
Thomas G. Ranney
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
In Vitro Regeneration ◽  
Leaf Explants ◽  
Shoot Induction ◽  
Bluish Green ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome ◽  
Ornamental Traits ◽  
In Vitro Shoot Regeneration

Hypericum L. H2003-004-016 is a complex hybrid among Hypericum frondosum Michx., Hypericum galioides Lam., and Hypericum kalmianum L. and exhibits valuable ornamental characteristics, including compact habit, bluish green foliage, and showy flowers. Inducing polyploidy may further enhance the ornamental traits of this hybrid and provide new opportunities for hybridizing with other naturally occurring polyploid Hypericum sp. In this study, in vitro shoot regeneration and treatment of regenerative callus with the dinitroaniline herbicide oryzalin (3,5-dinitro-N4,N4-dipropylsufanilamide) were investigated as a means of inducing allopolyploidy. First, in vitro regeneration was optimized for callus and shoot induction by culture of leaf explants on medium supplemented with benzylamino purine (BA) or meta-topolin (mT) at 5, 10, or 15 μM in combination with indoleacetic acid (IAA) at 0, 1.25, 2.5, or 5 μM. Both BA and mT treatments successfully induced regenerative callus and shoots. Multiple regression analysis estimated maximum regenerative callus (94%) and shoot induction (18 shoots per explant) in medium supplemented with 5 μM BA and 3.75 μM IAA. In the second part of the study, exposure of regenerative callus to oryzalin at 0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60, or 90 μM for durations of 3, 6, or 9 d was investigated for polyploid induction. There was no survival for any of the calli in the 60- or 90-μM oryzalin treatments, but calli subjected to the other treatments exhibited some survival and polyploid induction. Duration had no effect on callus survival or ploidy level, but oryzalin concentration was a significant factor in both. The greatest percentage (44%) of polyploids was induced with 30 μM oryzalin. Spontaneous chromosome doubling was observed in 8% of control explants receiving no oryzalin treatment.

scholarly journals Effect of Pepper Types on Obtaining Spontaneous Doubled Haploid Plants via Anther Culture

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (11) ◽  
pp. 1671-1676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davut Keleş ◽  
Hasan Pınar ◽  
Atilla Ata ◽  
Hatıra Taşkın ◽  
Serhat Yıldız ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anther Culture ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Haploid Plant ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Green Pepper ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
Doubled Haploidy ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Haploid Plants

The most successful technique used to obtain haploid plant in pepper is anther culture. The chromosome content of haploid plants can be doubled spontaneously or using colchicine. In this study, we compared the rate of spontaneous doubled haploidy of different pepper types. Seven charleston, six bell, eight capia, and seven green pepper genotypes were used as plant material. Murashige and Skoog (MS) nutrient medium with 4 mg·L−1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 0.5 mg·L−1 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 0.25% activated charcoal, 30 g·L−1 sucrose, and 15 mg·L−1 silver nitrate (AgNO3) was used. Ploidy levels of plants obtained through anther culture were detected using both flow cytometry and simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers. The results showed that different spontaneous doubled haploidy rates were obtained from different pepper types. The highest rate was observed in bell pepper type with 53.4% (mean of six genotypes) of haploid plants undergoing spontaneous chromosome doubling. This was followed by charleston and capia types with 31.9% and 30.4% doubling, respectively. Green pepper type gave the lowest spontaneous doubled haploidy rate with 22.2% doubling. The results obtained from this study will be useful both for future work on haploidy in pepper and for breeding programs.

scholarly journals Spontaneous chromosome doubling results from nuclear fusion during in vitro maize induced microspore embryogenesis

Chromosoma ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 112 (7) ◽  
pp. 342-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Testillano ◽  
S. Georgiev ◽  
H. L. Mogensen ◽  
M. J. Coronado ◽  
C. Dumas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Nuclear Fusion ◽  
Microspore Embryogenesis ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome

Production of Tetraploid Gynogenetic Loach Using Diploid Eggs of Natural Tetraploid Loach, Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, Fertilized with UV-Irradiated Sperm of Megalobrama amblycephala without Treatments for Chromosome Doubling

2015 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songqian Huang ◽  
Xiaojuan Cao ◽  
Xianchang Tian ◽  
Weiwei Luo ◽  
Weiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Polar Body ◽  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Megalobrama Amblycephala ◽  
Misgurnus Anguillicaudatus ◽  
Microsatellite Genotyping ◽  
Chemical Methods ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome ◽  
Second Polar Body

The gynogenesis phenomenon in nature mainly appears in the reproduction of fish and invertebrates. So far, gynogenesis has been successfully induced in many fish species with the aid of some physical or chemical methods for chromosome doubling. However, few fish can produce gynogenetic progenies, genetically identical or similar to the somatic cells of the mothers, without a treatment for the doubling of chromosomes, which may be related to apomixis, premeiotic endoreduplication, or premeiotic endomitosis. At present, no studies are available about fish with normal ovarian structures producing gynogenetic progenies that could spontaneously double their chromosomes. According to the analyses of flow cytometry, chromosome number, and microsatellites, we found that, with the use of UV-irradiated sperm of blunt snout bream Megalobrama amblycephala, tetraploid loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus produced tetraploid gynogenetic progenies without any treatments for the doubling of chromosomes. To determine the genetic relationships of gynogenetic progenies and their maternal parent, microsatellite genotyping was conducted. The results indicated that the reason for spontaneous chromosome duplication in gynogenetic progenies may be cytokinesis or inhibition of the extrusion of the second polar body. This is the first report on fish with normal ovarian structures that can produce gynogenetic progenies which spontaneously double their chromosomes and which are genetically identical or similar to the somatic cells of the mothers.

scholarly journals Haploid Induction in Hull-less Seed Pumpkin through Parthenogenesis Induced by X-ray-irradiated Pollen

2013 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Košmrlj ◽  
Jana Murovec ◽  
Borut Bohanec
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Treatment ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Haploid Induction ◽  
Ploidy Levels ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pollen Donor ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome

Production of hull-less seeds of styrian oil pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo ssp. pepo var. styriaca) is increasing as a result of demand for aromatic seed oil and for other uses. Hybrid cultivars have recently been released but a method for haploid induction has not been established. We focused on the development of a parthenogenetic haploid induction protocol based on pollination with pollen irradiated with X-ray radiation at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, and 350 Gy. Fruit set largely decreased at 200 Gy, whereas a decline in embryo formation was observed at 100 Gy. Various accessions were tested as the female parent or as the pollen donor and large differences were found. The best parthenogenetic response was found in ‘Turkey #2’ (10.0%), ‘Gleisdorfer Ölkürbis’ (4.4%), and ‘Naked Seed’ (3.9%), whereas ‘GL Opal’ and ‘White Acorn’ were efficient as pollen donors. The ploidy level of 3830 putative parthenogenetic embryos was determined using flow cytometry. Four ploidy levels (n, 2n, 3n, and 4n) were found with the majority being diploid. Interestingly, a significant proportion was determined to be tetraploid and this was clearly correlated with increased radiation delivered to pollen grains. Using selected simple sequence repeat markers on diploid embryos, no spontaneous chromosome doubling could be confirmed. In this study, haploid induction in styrian oil pumpkin was elaborated for the first time. We also showed that X-ray pollen irradiation provides an alternative to gamma radiation treatment, yielding a sufficient percentage of haploid plantlets.

scholarly journals Advances in Gene Editing of Haploid Tissues in Crops

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1410
Author(s):  
Pankaj Bhowmik ◽  
Andriy Bilichak
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Haploid Induction ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome ◽  
Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽  
Haploid Embryos ◽  
Short Time

Emerging threats of climate change require the rapid development of improved varieties with a higher tolerance to abiotic and biotic factors. Despite the success of traditional agricultural practices, novel techniques for precise manipulation of the crop’s genome are needed. Doubled haploid (DH) methods have been used for decades in major crops to fix desired alleles in elite backgrounds in a short time. DH plants are also widely used for mapping of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs), marker-assisted selection (MAS), genomic selection (GS), and hybrid production. Recent discoveries of genes responsible for haploid induction (HI) allowed engineering this trait through gene editing (GE) in non-inducer varieties of different crops. Direct editing of gametes or haploid embryos increases GE efficiency by generating null homozygous plants following chromosome doubling. Increased understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms responsible for spontaneous chromosome doubling in haploid plants may allow transferring this trait to different elite varieties. Overall, further improvement in the efficiency of the DH technology combined with the optimized GE could accelerate breeding efforts of the major crops.

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