scholarly journals Developing microalgal oil production for an outdoor photobioreactor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels-Henrik Norsker ◽  
Maria Cuaresma ◽  
Pauliina Uronen ◽  
Maria J. Barbosa ◽  
René Wijffels
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Quadratic Equation ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Microalgal Oil ◽  
Shake Flasks ◽  
Productivity Rate ◽  
Enrichment Process

AbstractIn this paper the preparations are described to develop a production of oil rich microalgal biomass under south European conditions. Ten microalgal species were compared in shake flasks in an incubator for potential for oil production. Potential oil production capacity was assayed as maximum total fatty acid (TFA) concentration and volumetric TFA productivity. TFA concentration ranged from 5 to 40% DW while TFA productivity rate ranged from 0 to 204 mg TFA L−1 day−1. To control the oil enrichment process in the outdoor microalgal batch culture, a quadratic equation was proposed, predicting the TFA concentration based on biomass inverse nitrogen quota. A concentrated substrate was developed to add to sea water, made from natural sea-salt and tap water.

Growth and Oil Production of Apiotrichum curvatum in Tomato Juice‡

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1515-1517 ◽  
Author(s):  
FOLU AKINDUMILA ◽  
BONITA A. GLATZ
Keyword(s):  
Oil Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
Shake Flask Culture ◽  
Flask Culture ◽  
Tomato Pulp ◽  
Shake Flasks ◽  
Casamino Acids ◽  
Basal Salts ◽  
Apiotrichum Curvatum

The lipid-accumulating yeast Apiotrichum curvatum ATCC 20509 (formerly Candida curvata D) grew in shake flask culture in freshly prepared tomato juice or tomato pulp; growth was improved when the medium was supplemented with sucrose and a basal salts mixture. Under controlled conditions in the fermentor, biomass and oil production reached a maximum at 96 h, compared with 130 h in shake flasks. Biomass production increased with the addition of 0.3% (wt/vol) urea to the juice, but decreased with the addition of 0.5% (wt/vol) yeast extract or Casamino Acids. The total amount of lipid produced and the percent of intracellular oil per cell dry weight were greatest in juice supplemented with 0.3% urea.

scholarly journals Potential Use of Water Associated with Conventional Oil Production and Sea Water as Base Fluids for Hydraulic Fracturing Operations: Effect of Water Chemistry on Crosslinking and Breaking Behaviors of Guar Gum-Based Fracturing Fluid Formulations

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayanand Saini ◽  
Timea Mezei
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Conventional Oil

 Even though water consumption per hydraulic fracturing (or fracturing) job is relatively low; nearly all of the fresh water used for fracturing in California is in the regions of high water stress such as San Jouquin and Los Angeles Basins. However, water availability should not be a concern as huge volumes of water are being produced along with oil and gas from conventional formations (i.e. associated water) in the Kern County of California, a region where most of the fracturing activities take place. This associated water can potentially be used for preparing fracturing fluids in stimulating the unconventional formations. The present study reports on the relevant investigation done in this area of interest.The results suggest that associated water chemistry has limited effect on the viscosity of cross-linked formulations. However, guar gum concentration was found to affect the breaking behaviors of cross-linked fracturing fluid formulations. The new type of commercially available biodegradable breaker was found to be effective in breaking the tested cross-linked formulations at elevated temperature which was as high as 85°C (185°F). Both crosslinking and breaking behaviors of fracturing fluid formulations evaluated in this study were found comparable to the behaviors of commonly used cross-linked formulation (guar gum + 2% potassium chloride). These results suggest that both the associated water (i.e. water resulting from regional conventional oil production activites) and sea water (offshore oil fields) could serve as alternative sources of base fluid for use in fracturing jobs without putting significant burden on precious regional fresh water resources.

On the Vitelline Membrane of the Egg of Psammechinus Miliaris and of Teredo Norvegica

1932 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
A. D. HOBSON
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Elastic Solid ◽  
Vitelline Membrane ◽  
Hypertonic Solution ◽  
Perivitelline Space ◽  
Free Zone ◽  
Hypertonic Solutions ◽  
Psammechinus Miliaris ◽  
Entire Cell

I. Direct microscopic examination of the unfertilised eggs of Psammechinus miliaris and Teredo norvegica merely shows the existence of a thin, granule-free zone covering the surface. Whether this is continuous with the general cytoplasm or not cannot be made out with certainty by direct observation. 2. A cone of clear material can be drawn out from the surface of the unfertilised egg of both species by means of the microdissection needle. A definite membrane cannot be separated in this way. 3. Hypertonic solutions cause the egg of Psammechinus to shrink smoothly at first and later to become wrinkled. This is consistent with the view that the egg is surrounded by an elastic, solid layer which is normally in a state of tension. 4. Cytolysis of the egg of Psammechinus in tap water is not accompanied by bursting. The egg swells and is perfectly smooth and spherical when cytolysis is completed. This points to the existence of an elastic, solid surface layer. 5. Plasmolysis of the egg of Teredo is of the type here called "polyhedral."The irregular shape of the egg in the hypertonic solution is only temporary, as a clear membrane separates from the concave surfaces and the egg then becomes more or less spherical. 6. The protoplasm of the plasmolysed egg of Teredo behaves as a viscous fluid. 7. Cytolysis of the egg of Teredo in tap water is accompanied by bursting and dispersion of the entire cell contents. A crumpled membrane alone remains. 8. It is concluded that the unfertilised egg of both Teredo norvegica and Psammechinus miliaris is surrounded by an elastic vitelline membrane which is much a Vitelline Membrane of the Egg of P. miliaris and of T. norvegica 105 thicker in the former than in the latter. The vitelline membrane in both cases is tightly attached to the egg surface. 9 . In calcium-free sea water the fertilisation membrane is elevated normally in Psammechinus miliaris. It does not harden, however, and gradually sinks back on to the surface of the egg owing, apparently, to the loss by diffusion of the osmotically active substance in the perivitelline space. It can be elevated a second time by puncturing the surface of the egg and allowing some of the cell contents to penetrate into the perivitelline space. 10. It is suggested that one action of hypertonic solutions in inducing artificial parthenogenesis may be to cause a loosening of the attachment of the vitelline membrane to the egg surface.

An experimental study of the scattering of light by natural waters

1952 ◽  
Vol 140 (900) ◽  
pp. 321-338 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Forward Scatter ◽  
Back Scattering ◽  
Similar Sample

A blue-sensitive multiplier phototube was used to measure light scattered from a parallel beam in distilled, tap and sea water, the first named serving as a check upon errors from extraneous sources of light. Forward and back scatter are closely the same for distilled water, but with natural waters by far the greater part of the effect occurs through angles less than 25°. A minimum is found for a deviation of about 110°, back scattering increasing somewhat for greater angles. The relative importance of forward scatter increases with turbidity, and in sea water about three-quarters of the effect is due to matter removable by filtration through a collodion filter of average pore diameter 1 μ or by sedimentation; further passage through 0·6 and 0·2 μ filters produces little change. Scattering is greater in blue light. Plymouth tap water scatters more than surface coastal water and the latter more than surface water 20 miles out, station E 1. Surface water scatters more than deeper—the water column being remarkably homogeneous even when a well-marked thermocline had existed for weeks, but a small increase was detectable at the top of the cold water. E 1 surface water increased in scattering between August and January, and decreased till May. Deep water showed little change. Extinction due to scattering between 20 and 155° amounted to less than one-sixth of that found for a similar sample with a Pulfrich photometer, so probably much scattering occurs below 20°. This explains why Pulfrich extinctions are so much greater than vertical extinction coefficients found in the sea. The preponderance of forward scattering within the range 20 to 155° and the effects of filtration suggest that such scattering is due chiefly to refraction through transparent mineral particles, large compared with the wave-length of light. The refractive index of organic matter is too near that of water to produce refraction through angles as large as 20°. Such matter may, however, be responsible for some of the scattering through smaller angles which apparently accounts for most of the turbidity found with the Pulfrich photometer.

Microalgal oil production for use in rice farms in Albufera (València) region

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Wong ◽  
Enrique A. Navarro ◽  
Alejandro J. Abril
Keyword(s):  
Oil Production ◽  
Microalgal Oil

scholarly journals 908 PB 533 STUDIES ON NATURE OF SALT TOLERANCE IN OKRA

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 564b-564
Author(s):  
Kh. A. Okasha ◽  
R. M. Helal
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Electronic Conductivities ◽  
High Level

Salt tolerance of four okra cutivars namely : white velvet ; Gold coast ; Balady and Eskandarani, were investigated during three different stages of plant development namely : seed germination, seedling and reproductive stages. At both first and second stages of plant development various concentrations of sea water (diluted with tap water) were used for irrigation while at the third stage, various saline water with different electronic conductivities were used for irrigation Results of these studies revealed that salinity reduced and delayed seed germination At this stage, white velvet cv. appeared to be tolerant to salinity. At the seedling stage, salinity generally reduced hash weight of plant for all tested cuitivars and Gold coast was the lead affected one At the reproductive stage, salinity reduced plant growth and total yield/plant but with different degrees depending upon cultivar In this respect, yield of both Gold coast and Balady was not greatly reduced at the high level of salinity The anatomical studies showed that salinity reduced xylem and phloem elements in okra roots depending upon both salinity level and cultivar Generally, the obtained results suggest that both Gold coast and Balady okra cultivars can considered as tolerant genotypes to salinity and recommended for cultivation in both and and semi-arid lands where salinity is considered a potential problem

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