Single-Phase Production Profiling in Conventional Oil Producers Using Fiber-Optic Surveillance

The objective of this paper is to demonstrate how both Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) and Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) data, acquired using a fiber-optic cable installed and cemented behind a 7" production casing, could be used for single-phase production allocation in two conventional oil producers in the South of the Sultanate of Oman. DAS data can be processed, time-averaged, and filtered to specific frequency bands, to identify and monitor the acoustic frequencies that are excited by the flow through the perforation tunnels. It will be shown that under certain assumptions, the flow-induced acoustic amplitudes at the perforations can be calibrated and converted into actual flow rates, which allows for continuous production profiling across all intervals of interest. DTS data, acquired under transient conditions, can also be analyzed using a thermal simulation model, to allocate production to specific perforation intervals, provided an appropriate logging program is followed. DTS is not as good as DAS in capturing dynamic changes to the inflow profile, but does have a deeper depth of investigation and is less sensitive to the geometry of the perforation tunnels or possible flow obstructions in the wellbore. The two technologies are therefore complimentary and are best acquired simultaneously. This is the first case study in the Sultanate of Oman, where both DAS and DTS data sets were successfully acquired and interpreted for single-phase production profiling in a conventional oil producer with perforated casing. Moreover, it was also the first time in Oman that oriented perforation was achieved with full shot density, through a double perforation run with a slight offset in orientation angle between the two runs.

Novel oil skimmer using bubble barrier and water jet suction — Prototype design and its tank test

This paper presents a new and innovative oil skimming device, which combines a bubble barrier and awater jet suction. The basic design philosophy of this device is based on the following two principles: (1) no oil-water separation on the water surface, and (2) no damming nor enclosure of oil by solid elements. By adoptingthese two principles, the device can have a very simple structure, light weight, which is quite different frommany conventional oil skimmers, can solve many problems that the conventional oil skimmers suffers from,such as poor responsibility to the high viscosity oil or low maneuverability of the vessel trailing the skimmer withhigh water flow resistance. The author prototyped an experimental model and conducted experiments toconfirm the effectiveness of these principles. It was found that the combination of the bubble barrier and thehigh-pressure water jet suction was effective for oil recovery to give a future vision of the oil recovery system.

Overview and methods in Enhanced Oil Recovery

After the conventional oil recovery system, it was estimated that huge amount of oil reserves is still remaining un-extracted. Because of tremendous demand for oil and established facilities at the oil exploration sites after conventional recovery got significant attention. Since the oil is entrapped in the porous rock structure and is difficult to evacuate, focus was made on tertiary recovery of oils. Many methods have been suggested by various researchers with different techniques to mobilize the entrapped oil in the well. The classification of the techniques will give different methods of recovery. The rheology, surface tension, mobility ratio are the important parameters that were considered during the enhanced recovery. The review that is presented here gives the overall methods for recovery and various materials and important parameters to be considered for the enhanced oil recovery. A new substitute for the sand pack column is suggested to conduct the bench top experimental set up that would ease the work of flooding with alkaline, surfactant and polymers.

Mechanical Properties of a Mild-Alloy Steel for Aerospace Engineering

The features of microstructure and mechanical properties of the aerospace high strength steel were studied after the implementation of various heat treatment modes: conventional oil quenching and tempering, quenching-partitioning, austempering. The dependence of the mechanical properties on the tempering temperature was determined. The basic patterns of the formation of mechanical properties during the implementation of isothermal heat treatment were considered. The optimal heat treatment conditions for the studied steel were established.

Nanoclay Effect into the Biodegradation and Processability of Poly(lactic acid) Nanocomposites for Food Packaging

One of the most promising expectations in the design of new materials for food packaging is focused on the development of biodegradable systems with improved barrier character. In this sense PLA reinforced with nanoclay is a potential alternative to the use of conventional oil-derivative polymers due to the synergetic effect of the biodegradable character of PLA and the barrier-induced effect derived from the dispersion of nanoparticles. In this work, composite materials based on PLA and reinforced with bentonite nanoparticles (up to 4% w/w) (NC) have been prepared to produce films with improved barrier character against water vapor transportation. Additionally, the biodegradable character of the composites depending on the crystallinity of the polymer and percentage of NC have been evaluated in the presence of an enzymatic active medium (proteinase K). Finally, a study of the capacity to film production of the composites has been performed to determine the viability of the proposals. The dispersion of the nanoparticles induced a tortuous pathway of water vapor crossing, reducing this diffusion by more than 22%. Moreover, the nanoclays materials were in all the cases acceptable for food packing in terms of migration. A migration lower than 1 mg/m2 was obtained in all the materials. Nonetheless, the presence of the nanoclays in decreased biodegradable capacity was observed. The time was enlarged to more than 15 days for the maximum content (4% w/w). On the other hand, the incorporation of NC does not avoid the processability of the material to obtain film-shaped processed materials.

The Rise of Non Conventional Energy Prompted the Reunderstanding and Division of Oil and Gas Migration in the Petroleum Industry

In recent years, with the development of coal bed methane, especially large-scale success shale oil and gas exploitation, People will not only in sedimentary basin energy re classified as conventional energy and non conventional energy, And the non conventional energy referred to an important aspect and a situation of tripartite confrontation of the conventional energy sources, new energy, In this paper, in the identity of non conventional energy in the future as a kind of new energy type, Analysis is made on the global and China's major non conventional energy, resources potential, exploration and exploitation of species status, Foundation and face geological theories and engineering problems on, Emphasis on non conventional energy and conventional energy relationship, Both belong to the Petroleum industry. Is called the non conventional energy, is compared with the conventional energy. Because, whether conventional or non conventional sources of energy, Basically are generated and preserved in the sedimentary basin, or that there is a close relationship with sedimentary basin. Coal bed methane, shale gas, oil sands, oil shale, tight oil and gas, it is called the non conventional energy. Compared with the conventional energy sources -- coal, oil, and gas. Obviously, there are many similarities between them. That is, all belong to the fossil energy, To form (coal) containing oil and gas basin. The formation, not only distribution and evolution of the basin development, And form, and conventional energy accumulation are closely linked, not separate. It can be said that most of the non conventional energy product belongs to the oil and gas in different periods, the same kind of energy at different stages, Research thinks, migration to bridge non conventional energy and conventional energy sources of oil and gas, Unconventional oil and gas is the inheritance and development of conventional oil and gas, Unconventional oil and gas is the extension and expansion of conventional oil and gas denotation, connotation .