Gender Imbalance: The Male/Female Sex Ratio Determination

Objective: The bias towards males at birth has resulted in a major imbalance in the Chinese sex ratio that is often attributed to China’s one-child policy. Relaxation of the one-child policy has the potential to reduce the imbalance in the sex ratio away from males. In this study, we assessed whether the bias towards males in the child sex ratio was reduced as a result of the two-child policy in China. Medical records data from one large municipal-level obstetrics hospital in Shanghai, East China. Design: Matching and difference-in-differences (MDID) techniques were used to investigate the effect of the two-child policy on the imbalance in the sex ratio at birth after matching for pregnancy status and socioeconomic factors. Results: Analyzing 133,358 live births suggest that the relaxation of the one-child policy had a small, but statistically significant effect in reducing the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that relaxation of the one-child policy reduced the imbalance in the male to female sex ratio at birth from 1.10 to 1.05 over the study period at one of the major obstetrics and gynecology hospitals in China.

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Sex-Ratio Determination in Three Wasp Species Ectoparasitic on Bean Weevil Larvae

Bruchids and Legumes: Economics, Ecology and Coevolution ◽

10.1007/978-94-009-2005-7_32 ◽

1990 ◽

pp. 331-340 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Koichi Fujii ◽

Khin Mar Wai

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Bean Weevil ◽

Wasp Species ◽

Ratio Determination

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Relapsing and progressive MS: the sex-specific perspective

Therapeutic Advances in Neurological Disorders ◽

10.1177/1756286420956495 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 175628642095649

Author(s):

Paulus Stefan Rommer ◽

David Ellenberger ◽

Kerstin Hellwig ◽

Judith Haas ◽

Dieter Pöhlau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Age At Onset ◽

Symptomatic Treatment ◽

Decisive Factor ◽

Disease Course ◽

Male Ratio ◽

Female Sex

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease whose aetiology is not fully understood. The female sex is clearly predominant, with a sex ratio between 2 and 3. In primary progressive MS the sex ratio almost balances out. Since the age at onset is higher for patients with progressive onset (POMS) than for relapsing onset (ROMS), it can be hypothesized that the age at onset is a decisive factor for the sex ratio. Methods: To address this aspect, we compare clinical and demographic data between females and males for the different disease courses within the population of the German MS Register by the German MS Society. Only patients with complete details in mandatory data items and a follow-up visit since 01. Jan 2018 were included. Results: A total of 18,728 patients were included in our analyses, revealing a female-to-male ratio of 2.6 (2.7 for patients with ROMS and 1.3 for POMS). The age at diagnosis is higher in patients with POMS (43.3 and 42.3 years for females and males versus 32.1 and 33.2 years, respectively). Females irrespective of disease course are statistically significantly more often affected by cognitive impairment (POMS: p = 0.013, ROMS: p = 0.001) and depression (POMS: p = 0.002, ROMS: 0.001) and suffer more often from pain (POMS and ROMS: p < 0.001). Fatigue is significantly more often seen in females with ROMS ( p < 0.001) but not in POMS. Females with ROMS retire significantly ( p < 0.001) earlier (42.8 versus 44.2 years) and to a greater extent than males (28 versus 24%). Disease progression was similar for women and men. Conclusion: Our analysis shows that clinical and demographic data differ more between disease courses than between men and women. For pain, depression and cognitive impairment the female sex is the decisive factor. Whether these factors are responsible for the earlier retirement of females with ROMS is not clear. Appropriate measures for optimization of symptomatic treatment as well as to promote employment should be taken.

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Subjecting Holstein Heifers to Stress During the Follicular Phase Following Superovulatory Treatment May Increase the Female Sex Ratio of Embryos

Journal of Reproduction and Development ◽

10.1262/jrd.20209 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 55 (5) ◽

pp. 529-533 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Atsushi IDETA ◽

Koh HAYAMA ◽

Chiho KAWASHIMA ◽

Manami URAKAWA ◽

Akio MIYAMOTO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Female Sex

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Hodgkin’s Disease

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v10.12.1214.1214 ◽

1955 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1214-1227 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

MICHAEL B. SHIMKIN

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Sex Ratio ◽

Hodgkin's Disease ◽

Death Rate ◽

Hodgkin’S Disease ◽

The United States ◽

Age At Death ◽

Male Predominance ◽

Female Sex ◽

The Mean

Abstract Mortality from Hodgkin’s disease in the United States during the period 1921 through 1951 was analyzed with respect to race, sex and age incidence and distribution. The findings were compared with those reported for leukemia. The recorded death rate from Hodgkin’s disease rose from 6.9 in 1921 to 17.0 per million in 1951. During this period, the death rate from leukemia rose from 14 to 61 per million. The death rate among males is higher than among females for both diseases; the male predominance is more marked in Hodgkin’s disease than in leukemia. The rate is higher among whites than non-whites for both diseases; the white predominance is more marked in leukemia than in Hodgkin’s disease. There is no peak in rate during childhood for Hodgkin’s disease as there is for leukemia, and the increase in rate with age is much less steep for Hodgkin’s disease than for leukemia. The mean age at death of adults dying from Hodgkin’s disease and from leukemia increased by 3.5 and 8.0 years, respectively, between 1925 and 1950. The male-female sex ratio for Hodgkin’s disease decreased slightly, and increased slightly for leukemia between 1925 and 1950.

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