Evaluation of the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability (EICA) Hypothesis: Loss of Defense Against Generalist but not Specialist Herbivores

2007 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen M. Hull-Sanders ◽  
Robert Clare ◽  
Robert H. Johnson ◽  
Gretchen A. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Specialist Herbivores ◽  
Eica Hypothesis

TESTING THE EVOLUTION OF INCREASED COMPETITIVE ABILITY (EICA) HYPOTHESIS IN A NOVEL FRAMEWORK

Ecology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Handley ◽  
Thomas Steinger ◽  
Urs A. Treier ◽  
Heinz Müller-Schärer
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Eica Hypothesis

scholarly journals A test of the evolution of increased competitive ability in two invaded regions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Rotter ◽  
Mario Vallejo-Marin ◽  
Liza M. Holeski
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
List Type ◽  
Native Plant ◽  
Herbivore Resistance ◽  
Specialist Herbivore ◽  
Specialist Herbivores ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Resistance Traits

AbstractFinding patterns that predict and explain the success of non-native species has been an important focus in invasion ecology. The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis has been a frequently used framework to understand invasion success. Evolution of increased competitive ability predicts that 1. Non-native populations will escape from coevolved specialist herbivores and this release from specialist herbivores should result in relaxed selection pressure on specialist-related defense traits, 2. There will be a trade-off between allocation of resources for resistance against specialist herbivores and allocation to traits related to competitive ability and 3. This shift will allow more allocation to competitive ability traits.We tested the predictions of EICA in the model plant Mimulus guttatus, a native of western North America (WNA). We compared how well the predictions of EICA fit patterns in two non-native regions, the United Kingdom (UK) and eastern North America (ENA). Coupled with extensive herbivore surveys we quantified genetic variation for herbivore resistance traits and fitness/ competitive ability traits to test adherence to the predictions of EICA in a common greenhouse environment.Herbivore communities differed significantly between WNA, UK, and ENA populations with evidence of specialist herbivore escape in the UK, but not necessarily the ENA plants. Compared to native plants, resistance traits were lower in non-native UK plants with the exception of trichome density, while the non-native ENA plants had equivalent or higher levels of herbivore resistance traits. The UK plants had increased competitive traits than native plants while the ENA plants had equivalent competitive traits to native plants. The UK plants, but not the ENA plants, showed some signs of tradeoffs between resistance traits and fitness/ competitive ability.Synthesis. Plants from the UK conformed to predictions of EICA more closely than those from ENA. The UK invasion is an older, more successful invasion, suggesting that support for EICA may be highest in more successful invasions. The lack of comprehensive conformity of either non-native region to the predictions of EICA also leaves room for other hypotheses that may add to our mechanistic understanding of the success of non-native plant invasions.

Assessing the competitiveness of the resort area

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 1216-1231
Author(s):  
K.A. Nefedova ◽  
D.O. Maslakova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Ski Resort ◽  
Ski Resorts ◽  
Ranking Score ◽  
Comprehensive Development ◽  
Differential Methods

Subject. This article discusses the issues of development of the Krasnaya Polyana resort area. Objectives. The article aims to assess the competitive ability and attractiveness of this resort area through developing indicators. Methods. For the study, we used a comparative analysis, and factor and ranking score techniques. Results. The article offers original methods to assess the competitiveness of the ski resort area and describes possible directions to increase and improve the competitiveness and attractiveness of ski resorts. Conclusions. Comprehensive development indicators help assess the competitive ability of the ski resort area. Modified expert, sociological, rating, and differential methods contribute to the effective management of the resort area's advantages.

A fungal endophyte of an annual weed reduces host competitive ability and confers associational protection to wheat

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 16-24
Author(s):  
Pablo Adrián García-Parisi ◽  
Sebastián Aníbal Gavilán ◽  
Cecilia Casas ◽  
Pedro Emilio Gundel ◽  
Marina Omacini
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Fungal Endophyte

scholarly journals Chest beats as an honest signal of body size in male mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Wright ◽  
Sven Grawunder ◽  
Eric Ndayishimiye ◽  
Jordi Galbany ◽  
Shannon C. McFarlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Honest Signal ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
Mountain Gorillas ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Gorilla Beringei Beringei ◽  
Vocal Signals

AbstractAcoustic signals that reliably indicate body size, which usually determines competitive ability, are of particular interest for understanding how animals assess rivals and choose mates. Whereas body size tends to be negatively associated with formant dispersion in animal vocalizations, non-vocal signals have received little attention. Among the most emblematic sounds in the animal kingdom is the chest beat of gorillas, a non-vocal signal that is thought to be important in intra and inter-sexual competition, yet it is unclear whether it reliably indicates body size. We examined the relationship among body size (back breadth), peak frequency, and three temporal characteristics of the chest beat: duration, number of beats and beat rate from sound recordings of wild adult male mountain gorillas. Using linear mixed models, we found that larger males had significantly lower peak frequencies than smaller ones, but we found no consistent relationship between body size and the temporal characteristics measured. Taken together with earlier findings of positive correlations among male body size, dominance rank and reproductive success, we conclude that the gorilla chest beat is an honest signal of competitive ability. These results emphasize the potential of non-vocal signals to convey important information in mammal communication.

scholarly journals Forage Potential of Cereal/Legume Intercrops: Agronomic Performances, Yield, Quality Forage and LER in Two Harvesting Times in a Mediterranean Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 121
Author(s):  
Monica Bacchi ◽  
Michele Monti ◽  
Antonio Calvi ◽  
Emilio Lo Presti ◽  
Antonio Pellicanò ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yield ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Sole Crop ◽  
Cereal Grain ◽  
Green Fodder

The crop yield and quality of seven annual forages (four grasses and three legumes) in sole crop and in mixtures (ratio 50:50) for oat (Avena sativa L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) were evaluated in a two-year field experiment adopting two harvesting times, green fodder and silage. The main bio-agronomic traits, dry matter forage yield (DMY) and quantity of crude protein (CP) were determined in both sole crop and intercrop. The land equivalent ratio (LER) was used for evaluating biological efficiency and competitive ability of the intercrops. Our results showed that the total calculated LER for fodder and protein yields was always greater than one and corresponded to crop yield advantages of 16.0% and 11.5%, respectively. Our data also highlighted the low competitive ability of the ryegrass in intercrop, which achieved the lowest yield among all the mixtures. Conversely, the same grass showed the best green fodder quality, due to the high incidence of the legume, equal (on average) to 46%. Triticale and barley, harvested for silage (hard dough stage), provided the best quantitative and qualitative results both in sole crop and intercropped with common vetch and pea, determined mainly by the cereal grain.

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