The resolution of direct images of biological macromolecules is normally restricted to far less than 0.3 nm. This is not due instrumental resolution, but irradiation damage. The damage to biological macromolecules may expect to be reduced when they are cooled to a very low temperature. We started to develop a new cryo-stage for a high resolution electron microscopy in 1983, and successfully constructed a superfluid helium stage for a 400 kV microscope by 1986, whereby chlorinated copper-phthalocyanine could be photographed to a resolution of 0.26 nm at a stage temperature of 1.5 K. We are continuing to develop the cryo-microscope and have developed a cryo-microscope equipped with a superfluid helium stage and new cryo-transfer device.The New cryo-microscope achieves not only improved resolution but also increased operational ease. The construction of the new super-fluid helium stage is shown in Fig. 1, where the cross sectional structure is shown parallel to an electron beam path. The capacities of LN2 tank, LHe tank and the pot are 1400 ml, 1200 ml and 3 ml, respectively. Their surfaces are placed with gold to minimize thermal radiation. Consumption rates of liquid nitrogen and liquid helium are 170 ml/hour and 140 ml/hour, respectively. The working time of this stage is more than 7 hours starting from full LN2 and LHe tanks. Instrumental resolution of our cryo-stage cooled to 4.2 K was confirmed to be 0.20 nm by an optical diffraction pattern from the image of a chlorinated copper-phthalocyanine crystal. The image and the optical diffraction pattern are shown in Fig. 2 a, b, respectively.
Reconnections of Vortex Loops in Turbulent Superfluid Helium: Rates of the Breakdown and Fusion processes
