scholarly journals Individual differences in response to uncertainty and decision making: The role of behavioral inhibition system and need for closure

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 541-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Jaśko ◽  
Aneta Czernatowicz-Kukuczka ◽  
Małgorzata Kossowska ◽  
Anna Z. Czarna
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Behavioral Inhibition System

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Individual Differences in Pilot Performance

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 403-409
Author(s):  
Miles R. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Research Decision ◽  
Glide Slope ◽  
Pilot Behavior

Selected literature on individual differences in pilot performance is reviewed in order to indicate a possible direction for research. Decision-making performance in contingency situations is seen as a potentially fruitful area for study of individual differences, although information on the relative roles of experience and cognitive abilities, styles, and strategies are needed in all research areas. The role of cognitive styles in pilot performance is essentially unexplored; however, the identification of individual pilot behavior differences that have been attributed to style differences and the results of automobile driver behavior research suggest considerable potential. Approaches to studying pilot decision-making processes are discussed, with emphasis given to the wrong-model approach in which accident and incident data, or “process tracing” provide experimental computational structures. Analysis of data from a simulator experiment on V/STOL zero-visibility landing performance suggests that the order of ranking of individual pilot's effectiveness varies with particular situations defined by combinations of tracking requirements (e.g., glide slope, localizer) and glide-slope segment, or speed requirements; the data are being further analyzed.

scholarly journals Defending the Sex/Gender Binary: The Role of Gender Identification and Need for Closure

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062093718
Author(s):  
Thekla Morgenroth ◽  
M. Gustafsson Sendén ◽  
A. Lindqvist ◽  
E. A. Renström ◽  
M. K. Ryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Resistance To Change ◽  
Western World ◽  
Need For Closure ◽  
Gender Identification ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Gender Binary ◽  
Third Gender

In the Western world, gender/sex is traditionally viewed as binary, with people falling into one of two categories: male or female. This view of gender/sex has started to change, triggering some resistance. This research investigates psychological mechanisms underlying that resistance. Study 1 ( N = 489, UK) explored the role of individual gender identification in defense of, and attempts to reinforce, the gender/sex binary. Study 2 ( N = 415, Sweden) further considered the role of individual differences in need for closure. Both gender identification and need for closure were associated with binary views of gender/sex, prejudice against nonbinary people, and opposition to the use of gender-neutral pronouns. Policies that aim to abolish gender/sex categories, but not policies that advocate for a third gender/sex category, were seen as particularly unfair among people high in gender identification. These findings are an important step in understanding the psychology of resistance to change around binary systems of gender/sex.

Revealing the Role of Context, Experience and Individual Differences in the Assessment of Heroin Addicts’ Decision Making Abilities

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
C.G.J. Newman ◽  
I. Crome ◽  
M. Frisher
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Substance Dependence ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Individual Response ◽  
Individual Data ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

The development of decision making paradigms has prompted a consideration that an underlying deficit may assist in explaining substance dependence. However, despite these advances, little progress has been made in accounting for large inter-subject variance within previous studies. This failure continues to undermine many of the previous attempts to explain individual difference.A study was undertaken to develop methods for analysing and describing individual response behaviours within a decision-making task. In addition, the effect of task manipulations such as feedback, penalties and practice were examined. Substitute medication maintained adults males were recruited for this study.Findings from this research offer new insight into a possible link between task design and the response behaviours exhibited. This study emphasised the importance of individual response behaviours, and the necessity to consider individual data as a route to understanding concepts drawn from between groups analysis. Significant issues are raised that might impact on other existing paradigms and implications are proposed in relation to the assessment and treatment of substance dependence.

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