Biology of increased tolerance and validation of the psychoactive substance dependence

The article shows that the current level of physiology does not disclose the biological mechanisms of the organism transition from one range to adapt to a higher with an increase in the regular forces of the stimulus above sub-extreme. A new trend in the physiology of adaptation - proqredient adaptation, explains the mechanism of increasing the tolerance of the organism, with dependence on psychoactive substances (PAS ). It is scientifically proved, that dependences of the organism on PAS are the states of progredient adaptation.

Mental Health Symptoms Associated with Sexualized Drug Use (Chemsex) among Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Systematic Review

Background: Sexualized drug use (SDU), also known as chemsex, refers to the use of psychoactive substances for sexual purposes among men who have sex with men (MSM), which has been associated with mental health symptoms. The objective of this review is to systematically review the available evidence on mental health outcomes in MSM who use sexualized drugs. Methods: To prepare this systematic review, search strategies were developed and applied to the Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus databases. A total of 117 articles were found, of which 12 were selected for the final review. Results: Those MSM who practiced SDU were more likely to experience from depression, anxiety, or a substance dependence, although these results were not found in all the studies analyzed. Among those who practiced the administration of intravenous drugs (referred to as slamsex), the mental health symptoms were more severe. Conclusions: This systematic review contributes to a fuller understanding of the mental health symptoms present in MSM who consume drugs for sexual purposes. Greater uniformity in data collection instruments is required, as well as the need to conduct a more in-depth assessment of the psychosocial adjustment of people who practice chemsex.

Reasons for increased tolerance and validation of psychoactive substance dependence

The article shows that the current level of physiology does not disclose the biological mechanisms of the organism transition from one range to adapt to a higher with an increase in the regular forces of the stimulus above sub-extreme. A new trend in the physiology of adaptation - proqredient adaptation, explains the mechanism of increasing the tolerance of the organism, with dependence on psychoactive substances (PAS). It is scientifically proved, that dependences of the organism on PAS are the states of progredient adaptation.

Sodium Chloride, Migraine and Salt Withdrawal: Controversy and Insights

This paper examines evidence implicating migraine headache as a withdrawal symptom of excessive sodium chloride intake. Emerging research in food addiction posits that food and drug addictions share common features, such as withdrawal symptoms. Salt (sodium chloride) meets the criteria for the diagnosis of substance dependence, including withdrawal in which the substance is used to relieve withdrawal symptoms. The premonitory symptoms of migraine include food cravings for salty foods, which can alleviate migraine pain. Edema, possibly related to large amounts of salt consumed in binge eating, can cause approximately four pounds of retained fluid. This amount of fluid is similar to the fluid retained before the onset of migraine headache, which may be accompanied by polyuria. This paper proposes that inhibited withdrawal from highly processed food intake, rich in salt, mediates an association between increased sodium chloride intake and relief from migraine headache pain. The relief from withdrawal symptoms could also be a mediating factor that explains the controversial findings inversely associating dietary sodium intake with migraine history. Moreover, the withdrawal of retained sodium and edema related to the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may elucidate a potential mechanism in medication overuse headache. Further research is needed to investigate the pain experienced from sodium chloride withdrawal in migraine headache.

Identifying multimorbidity clusters with the highest primary care use: 15 years of evidence from a multi-ethnic metropolitan population

Background: People with multimorbidity have complex healthcare needs. Some co-occurring diseases interact with each other to a larger extent than others and may impact differently on primary care use. Aim: To assess the association between multimorbidity clusters and primary care consultations over time. Design and setting: A retrospective longitudinal (panel) study design was used. Data comprised electronic primary care health records of 826,166 patients registered at GP practices in an ethnically diverse, urban setting in London between 2005 and 2020. Method: Primary care consultation rates were modelled using Generalised Estimating Equations. Key controls included the total number of LTCs, five multimorbidity clusters, and their interaction effects, ethnicity, and polypharmacy (proxy of disease severity). Models were also calibrated by consultation type and ethnic group. Results: Individuals with multimorbidity use two to three times more primary care services than those without multimorbidity (IRR=2.3, 95% CI:2.29-2.32). Patients in the alcohol dependency, substance dependence, and HIV cluster have the highest rate of increase in primary care consultations as additional LTCs accumulate, followed by the mental health cluster (anxiety and depression). Differences by ethnic group are observed, with the largest impact in the chronic liver disease and viral hepatitis cluster for individuals of Black or Asian ethnicity. Conclusion: This paper identifies multimorbidity clusters with the highest primary care demand over time as additional LTCs develop, differentiating by consultation type and ethnicity. Targeting clinical practice to prevent multimorbidity progression for these groups may lessen future pressures on primary care demand by improving health outcomes.

Validity of the Severity of Dependence Scale for detecting dependence behaviours in chronic migraine with medication overuse

Aims In this study, we tested the validity of the Severity of Dependence Scale in detecting dependence behaviours in patients with chronic migraine and medication overuse (CM + MO) using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) and the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire as gold standard measures. Methods Four hundred and fifty-four patients with CM + MO filled in the Severity of Dependence Scale and the Leeds Dependence Questionnaire and underwent a psychological evaluation for the diagnosis of substance dependence according to the DSM-IV criteria. Results Sixty-nine percent of subjects (n = 313) presented substance dependence according to the DSM-IV criteria. These patients scored significantly higher than those without substance dependence in Severity of Dependence Scale total score ( Z = −3.29, p = 0.001), and in items 1 ( Z = −2.44, p = 0.015), 2 ( Z = −2.50, p = 0.012), 4 ( Z = −2.05, p = 0.04), and 5 ( Z = −3.39, p = 0.001). Severity of Dependence Scale total score ( β = 0.13, SE = 0.04, z = 3.49, p < 0.001) was a significant predictor for substance dependence. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves showed that Severity of Dependence Scale discriminated patients with or without substance dependence. Conclusion Severity of Dependence Scale could represent an interesting screening tool for dependency-like behaviors in CM + MO patients.