Total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected from three areas (commercial, residential and agricultural) in and near Akita City in northern Japan, October 1996 (rice straw burning period), over three days with a one-hour sampling interval for each area. The elemental composition and particle shape of TSP samples were determined and/or observed by PIXE and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. In the hourly TSP samples collected during the rice straw burning period, values of 24 elements were determined for each area, and Na , Mg , Al , Si , S , K , Ca and Fe were the major components. Comparing the arithmetic means of elemental concentrations in TSP for the rice straw burning and non-snow-clad period (May – June 1996), in the residential and agricultural areas the Si concentration in the rice straw burning period was approximately two times that in the non-snow-clad period, and K and Ca concentrations in the rice straw burning period were a little higher than those in the non-snow-clad period. In the residential and agricultural areas, change in SPM concentration and change in Si , K and Ca concentrations were in relative agreement during the hours that smoke from rice straw burning was present in the atmospheric space. With the aid of SEM- EDX analysis, many cubic particles were observed for almost all hourly TSP samples. The cubic particles were of the silicon-rich type, and their morphology was rice straw fragments or aggregation of fragments.
Investigation of burning rate on particullate matter emission factor of rice straw burning (case studi in lombok island, indonesia)
