scholarly journals Variation in Rates of Fatal Police Shootings across US States: the Role of Firearm Availability

2018 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hemenway ◽  
Deborah Azrael ◽  
Andrew Conner ◽  
Matthew Miller
Keyword(s):  
Us States ◽  
Police Shootings ◽  
Firearm Availability

scholarly journals Police Shootings and the Role of Tort

2008 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 801-811
Author(s):  
Phil Palmer ◽  
Jenny Steele
Keyword(s):  
Police Shootings

scholarly journals Trends in alcohol and marijuana detected in homicide victims in 9 US states: 2004–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oybek Nazarov ◽  
Guohua Li
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Us States ◽  
Homicide Victimization ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Testing Data ◽  
Alcohol And Other Drugs

Abstract Background Use of alcohol and other drugs is a major risk factor for assaultive injuries and violent deaths. The purpose of this study was to examine the time trends in the prevalence of alcohol and marijuana detected in homicide victims. Methods We analyzed toxicological testing data for homicide victims (n = 12,638) from the 2004–2016 National Violent Death Reporting System in 9 US states (Colorado, Georgia, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia, and Wisconsin). We used the Cochran-Armitage test for trend to assess the statistical significance of changes in the prevalence of alcohol and marijuana detected in these homicide victims during the study period. Results Overall, 37.5% of the homicide victims tested positive for alcohol, 31.0% positive for marijuana, and 11.4% positive for both substances. During the study period, the prevalence of marijuana increased from 22.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 19.6, 25.0) in 2004 to 42.1% (95% CI = 39.2, 44.9) in 2016 (Z = -15.7; P < .001) while the prevalence of alcohol declined slightly (Z = 1.5; P = 0.143). Marked increases in the prevalence of marijuana were observed in both sexes and across age and racial groups. Conclusions Marijuana is increasingly detected in homicide victims irrespective of demographic characteristics. Further research is needed to assess the causal role of marijuana use and concurrent use of marijuana and alcohol in homicide victimization.

scholarly journals Firearm Availability and Fatal Police Shootings

2020 ◽  
Vol 687 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Nagin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Prediction ◽  
Trauma Centers ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Partial Support ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Police Shootings ◽  
Firearm Availability ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Relationship

Do states with more guns have higher rates of fatal police shootings? This article uses a validated measure of firearm availability (the percentage of suicides committed with a firearm) to examine the relationship between gun proliferation and fatal police shootings. It expands on existing research to include (1) measures of access to Level I and II trauma centers, (2) interpretation of the findings from the lenses of “statistical prediction,” and (3) tests for structural differences between models for black decedents versus nonblack decedents. Findings confirm the correlation between statewide prevalence of gun ownership and fatal police shootings for both all decedents and unarmed decedents. It provides partial support for “statistical prediction” by police and finds that greater access to trauma centers is associated with lower rates of citizen deaths. The analysis suggests a far broader range of policy options for saving lives, such as better enforcement of legal restrictions on firearm possession, than focusing solely on policing systems.

Relationships between firearm availability and suicide: The role of psychology.

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Westefeld ◽  
Lianne C. Gann ◽  
Samuel D. Lustgarten ◽  
Kevin J. Yeates
Keyword(s):  
Firearm Availability

scholarly journals The role of “spillover” in antibiotic resistance

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott W. Olesen ◽  
Marc Lipsitch ◽  
Yonatan H. Grad
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Stewardship ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Dynamical Models ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Us States ◽  
Key Driver ◽  
Resistance Data

ABSTRACTAntibiotic use is a key driver of antibiotic resistance. Understanding the quantitative association between antibiotic use and resulting resistance is important for predicting future rates of antibiotic resistance and for designing antibiotic stewardship policy. However, the use-resistance association is complicated by “spillover”, in which one population’s level of antibiotic use affects another population’s level of resistance via the transmission of bacteria between those populations. Spillover is known to have effects at the level of families and hospitals, but it is unclear if spillover is relevant at larger scales. We used mathematical modeling and analysis of observational data to address this question. First, we used dynamical models of antibiotic resistance to predict the effects of spillover. Whereas populations completely isolated from one another do not experience any spillover, we found that if even 1% of interactions are between populations, then spillover may have large consequences: the effect of a change in antibiotic use in one population on antibiotic resistance in that population could be reduced by as much as 50%. Then, we quantified spillover in observational antibiotic use and resistance data from US states and European countries for 3 pathogen-antibiotic combinations, finding that increased interactions between populations were associated with smaller differences in antibiotic resistance between those populations. Thus, spillover may have an important impact at the level of states and countries, which has ramifications for predicting the future of antibiotic resistance, designing antibiotic resistance stewardship policy, and interpreting stewardship interventions.

Credit and the Labour Share: Evidence from US States

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (630) ◽  
pp. 1782-1816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslı Leblebicioğlu ◽  
Ariel Weinberger
Keyword(s):  
Financial Development ◽  
Financial Frictions ◽  
Us States ◽  
Banking Deregulation ◽  
Interstate Banking ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Labour Share ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract We investigate the role of credit markets as a cause for changes in the US labour share. Causal evidence is provided that the labour share declined between 0.8 and 1.2 percentage points following the interstate banking deregulation, explaining more than half of the overall reduction during that period. The lower costs of credit and greater bank competition in each state are mechanisms that led to the decline. To quantify the relationship between credit and factor payments, we calibrate a model with financial frictions and highlight financial development as a potential channel for the reduction in labour share observed globally.

The State of American Entrepreneurship: New Estimates of the Quantity and Quality of Entrepreneurship for 32 US States, 1988–2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 212-243
Author(s):  
Jorge Guzman ◽  
Scott Stern
Keyword(s):  
Capital Market ◽  
Predictive Analytics ◽  
New Ventures ◽  
High Growth ◽  
The State ◽  
Us States ◽  
Institutional Conditions ◽  
Cyclical Pattern

Assessing the state of American entrepreneurship requires not simply counting the quantity but also the initial quality of new ventures. Combining comprehensive business registries and predictive analytics, we present estimates of entrepreneurial quantity and quality from 1988 to 2014. Rather than a secular pattern of declining business dynamism, our quality-adjusted measures follow a cyclical pattern sensitive to economic and capital market conditions. Consistent with the role of investment cycles as a driver of high-growth entrepreneurship, our results highlight the role of economic and institutional conditions as a driver of both initial entrepreneurial quality and the scaling of new ventures over time. (JEL G24, G32, L25, L26, M13)

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