Optimization and Operational Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies

This work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost optimization on the demo vehicles. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) were tested against superfast-charging solutions based on Pantograph (Type A & Type B) on the route lines (and depots) and based on Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo2) from various brands to validate the interoperability among several vendors and support further EV integration with more affordable solutions. The optimization includes the calculation of the EBs’ consumption at various seasons and under various operating conditions in order to use optimum battery system design, heating system, optimum EB fleet operation and size and to find the charging solutions properly. The results showed that the EB consumption increases in some cases by 64.5% in wintertime due to heating systems, and the consumption in urban areas is more than that on the route lines outside cities. In the E-truck demo, where the electric heater was replaced with a heat-pump to optimize the energy consumption, it was found that the consumption of the heat-pump is about half of the electric heater under certain operating conditions. Under strict EB schedule, Pantograph charging solutions with power ratings of 300–600 kW have been adopted to charge the batteries of the EBs within 4–10 min. In order to minimize the cumulative costs of energy, (pantograph) charging infrastructure depreciation and battery degradation, as well as depot charging (at the bus operator’s depot), was adopted with a power level of 50–350 kW based on CCS2 and pantograph.

Study of design features of mobile charging units for electric transport for development of sketch design documentation

THE PURPOSE. Charging infrastructure is one of the factors influencing the transition to electric vehicles, as the electric vehicles in operation are characterized by a small range and a long battery charge period. Today, the development of the charging infrastructure depends only on the networks of stationary charging stations, which also have disadvantages (high cost, lack of mobility, etc.). Therefore, the purpose of this work is to study the design features of mobile electric vehicle charge units (MCSEU) for the development of draft design documentation for the creation of a new MCSEU project. This issue includes the study of the world market of manufacturers of modern mobile chargers, the study of technical and operational features that are today presented to modern energy storage and storage systems.MATERIALS. The authors of the article processed and analyzed data on the current state of the charging infrastructure in Russia and the world, based on materials from Russian and foreign authors, as well as information on the development strategy of the electric transport industry in Russia and the world, in particular, data from Madison Gas and Electric.RESULTS. The obtained analytical results are one of the aspects that will be taken into account when developing mobile charging devices for electric vehicles. This mobile charger technology significantly expands the possibilities of using electric vehicles, in particular electric vehicles, and also solves various problems of the fuel and energy complex associated with autonomous power sources and distributed generation systems.CONCLUSION. The charging infrastructure is one of the factors influencing the transition to electric vehicles, as the electric vehicles in operation are characterized by a small range and a long period of charging the traction battery. However, this process will be long and in the near future networks of charging stations will be created, including mobile charging units for electric vehicles.

Drivers of EV Charging Infrastructure Entrepreneurship in India

The existing research advocating entrepreneurship as an important way to increase the uptake of electric vehicles (EVs) in developing countries and EV charging business is also playing a crucial role in increasing the adoption of EVs. EV charging is important for EV adoption, and entrepreneurship is also important for EV adoption; therefore, it is important that we must understand what mobilizes or prevents EV charging entrepreneurship. This chapter aimed at explaining drivers of EV charging entrepreneurship. A survey of 121 potential entrepreneurs shows that personal attitude, self-confidence, and opportunity perceptions shape the decision to engage in EV charging entrepreneurship. Policy measures to boost EV charging entrepreneurship have been suggested.

A Comprehensive Review of Blockchain Technology Implementation in the EV Charging Infrastructure

Charging infrastructure is a key factor in successful electric vehicle adoption. Charging stations are still a fragmented market in terms of ownership, lack of standards, and charging protocols. The increasing decentralised grid has made energy and communication flow bi-directional. Challenges arise in maintaining the increasing decentralised structure, security, and privacy of the network. Blockchain facilitates the interconnectedness of such a distributed and decentralised network. Blockchain's versatility lies in its transparent and immutable decentralized architecture that enables direct transactions between users without the need of a middleman. It provides powerful safeguards against cyberattacks with its advanced cryptography enabling privacy-preserving authentication. This chapter presents a comprehensive review on the application of blockchain technology in EV charging infrastructure such as facilitating the peer-to-peer energy exchange, increased security and privacy, immutable transactions, and mitigating trust issues among the participants in the charging infrastructure.

Smart Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

The movements for any type of electric vehicle (EV) can be powered by wheels or driven by rotary motors. EVs derive their power from various sources, including fossil fuels. In the long term, reducing the cost of electrically powered vehicles (EDV) is seen as an essential ingredient to increase consumer acceptance. In addition, it aims to reduce the weight and volume of EDV. Moreover, the focus is on improving the performance, efficiency, and reliability of the EDV. The development of innovative modules is important when the acceleration of production and marketing needs to be improved. Consumers are looking for the production and transmission of electrical energy. This contributes to a greener environment. One of the most important parts of an EV is its battery. A proposed model presented in this chapter considers several parameters: solar radiation (PV panels), EV backup battery, and main charger. The model allows energy storage to be developed efficiently.

Proposed Power Systems Planning in Indian Scenario for Integrating EV Charging Infrastructure

The growing concern about fossil energy exhaustion, air pollution, and ecological deprivation has made electric vehicles (EVs) a practical option in contrast to combustion engine-driven vehicles. In any case, driving extent uneasiness is one of the innate inadequacies related with EVs. Massive integration of EV charging load into the power system may be a threat to the distribution network. Spontaneous situation of charging stations in the distribution system and uncoordinated charging will augment the load demand thereby resulting in voltage instability, deterioration of reliability indices, harmonic distortions, and escalated power losses. This chapter will concentrate on breaking down the effect of EV chargers on the working parameters, for example, voltage dependability, unwavering quality, and force misfortune. The examination will be completed on standard test systems. The discoveries of the proposed part will evaluate the effect of EV charging load on the working parameters of the distribution system and help in proposing a framework for charging station planning.

Statistical approach and multiplicative models for electric vehicles charging behaviour patterns

Since the charging processes of electric vehicles are stochastic and time-dependent, the paper views an approach based on a statistical analysis of real data on electricity consumption at charging station connection points. Other types of data (geographical, public sites, distance between individual charging stations, etc.) are also taken into account when making the analysis. Multiplicative models are the most suitable for studying and forecasting time series with pronounced cyclicity and seasonality. Their application allows us to consider the correlation of the load in the consuming nodes with regional features, climatic factors and seasonality. The method and approach discussed in this paper make possible the processing of a large amount of data and the detection of load cyclicity in the load schedule of electricity facilities. The results of the model will identify the requested charging power in a developing charging infrastructure.