Effects of Sodium Citrate Concentration on Electroless Ni-Fe Bath Stability and Deposition

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 290-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung-Won Jung ◽  
Sung K. Kang ◽  
Jae-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Citrate Concentration ◽  
Electroless Ni ◽  
Bath Stability

The Research on Coating of Electroless Ni-W-P Ternary Alloys

2011 ◽  
Vol 189-193 ◽  
pp. 373-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huai Yao ◽  
Guang Lin Zhu ◽  
Meng Du
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Chemical Deposition ◽  
Ternary Alloys ◽  
Maximum Hardness ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Citrate Concentration ◽  
Hardness Tester ◽  
Electroless Ni ◽  
Scanning Electron

The ternary Ni-W-P alloy coatings were deposited on the surface of Q235 steel using Chemical deposition. The microstructure, phase analysis, plating velocity and hardness were investigated with scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction technique and Vickers hardness tester. The results showed that the plating rate had been increased firstly, and then decreased with the increment of sodium citrate concentration in the range of 20-80g/L, the maximum plating velocity was 9.14μm/h. The hardness of Ni-W-P plating increased first and then decreased with the increment of sodium citrate concentration, the maximum hardness was 643HV when the concentration of sodium citrate was 40g/L. When the concentration of sodium citrate was 40g/L, the substrate was completely covered by Ni-W-P plating, the surface was composed of uniform crystalline grains, and had no obvious defects and presented amorphous. The coating and substrate were relatively strong, the coating had no the phenomena of fall off and crackle in the bending and files tests when the concentration of sodium citrate was 40g/L and 50g/L respectively.

Optimization of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesis using Design of Experiments Technique

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1518-1423
Author(s):  
Adina Turcu Stiolica ◽  
Mariana Popescu ◽  
Maria Viorica Bubulica ◽  
Carmen Nicoleta Oancea ◽  
Claudiu Nicolicescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Chloroauric Acid ◽  
Gold Colloids ◽  
Citrate Concentration ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy

Gold nanoparticles are considered the newest drug carriers for different diseases. Therefore it is appropriate continuous optimization of their preparation. In this study, gold colloids with an average size of 1 - 26 nm were obtained by the reduction of tetrachloroauric acid with trisodium citrate. The nanomaterials were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering technique. In addition, zeta potential was measured for samples synthesized in order to determine the stability of the colloids. A Two-level Full Factorial design was chosen to determine the optimum set of process parameters (chloroauric acid concentration and sodium citrate concentration) and their effect on various gold nanoparticles characteristics (size and zeta potential). These effects were quantified using Design of Experiments (DoE) with 5 runs and 1 centerpoint. The selected objective and process model in this investigation are screening and interaction. Findings from this research show that to obtain particles larger than 35 nm, it is recommended to increase sodium citrate concentration, at low chloroauric acid values. These conditions will help to achieve smaller zeta potential, too.

Characteristics of TAA–ZnS Buffer Layer by Addition of Sodium Citrate for CIGS Thin Film Solar Cell

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 6659-6664
Author(s):  
Jeong Eun Park ◽  
So Mang Park ◽  
Eun Ji Bae ◽  
Donggun Lim
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Buffer Layer ◽  
Deposition Rate ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Wide Bandgap ◽  
Buffer Layers ◽  
Thin Film Solar Cells ◽  
Citrate Concentration ◽  
Cigs Thin Film

Zinc Sulfide (ZnS) is an environmentally friendly material with a wide bandgap (Eg = 3.7 eV) comparable to that of cadmium sulfide (CdS) (2.4 eV), which is conventionally used as buffer layer in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells. Conventional ZnS buffer layers are manufactured using thiourea, and, these layers possess a disadvantage in that their deposition rate is lower than that of CdS buffer layers. In this paper, thioacetamide (TAA) was used as a sulfur precursor instead of thiourea to increase the deposition rate. However, the ZnS thin films deposited with TAA exhibited a higher roughness than the ZnS thin films deposited with thiourea. Sodium citrate was therefore added to increase the uniformity and decrease the roughness of the former ZnS thin films. When sodium citrate was used, the thin films demonstrated a high transmittance via the controlled generation of particles. In the case of TAA–ZnS thin films doped with a sodium citrate concentration of 0.04 M, the granules on the surface disappeared and these thin films were denser than the TAA–ZnS thin films deposited with a lower sodium citrate concentration. It is considered that the rate of the ion-by-ion reaction increased due to the addition of sodium citrate, thereby resulting in a uniform thin film. Consequently, TAA–ZnS thin films with thicknesses of approximately 40 nm and high transmittances of 83% were obtained when a sodium citrate concentration of 0.04 M was used.

scholarly journals The Evolution of Texture During Annealing of Nanocrystalline Electroless Nickel Alloy Deposits

2000 ◽  
Vol 34 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 181-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Nyung Lee ◽  
Kang-Heon Hur
Keyword(s):  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Thermal Strain ◽  
Electroless Nickel ◽  
Alloy Sheet ◽  
Aluminum Alloy Sheet ◽  
Preferential Growth ◽  
Alloy Films ◽  
Texture Change ◽  
Electroless Ni

The electroless Ni–Co–P alloy films containing up to 13.4% Co and 7.6% P were deposited on a 5086 aluminum alloy sheet using baths consisting of NiSO4, CoSO4, (NH4)2SO4, NaH2PO2, sodium citrate and thiourea. The deposits were solid solutions having a grain size of 6–7 nm and strong 〈111〉 texture. When the deposits were annealed for 2 h, Ni5P2 was precipitated at 325°C and transformed into the stable Ni3P phase at higher temperatures. During annealing the texture of deposit changed from 〈111〉 to 〈100〉. The texture change was attributed to preferential growth of 〈100〉 grains at the expense of 〈111〉 grains to decrease the thermal strain energy of the deposits. On the other hand, the electroless Ni–Cu–P alloy films containing Cu and P deposited on 5086 aluminum alloy sheet had the microstructures and textures which are similar to these of the Ni–Co–P alloy films. However, their initial 〈111〉 texture remained relatively stable even after annealing. The differences in annealing textures of Ni–Co–P and Ni–Cu–P alloy films have been discussed.

Effect of Bath Compositions on the Properties of Electroless Ni-Cu-P Alloys on Aluminum

2011 ◽  
Vol 117-119 ◽  
pp. 1276-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Ran Wang ◽  
Xin Gang Hu ◽  
Wei Yuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Electroless Plating ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Nickel Sulfate ◽  
Sodium Hypophosphite ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Plating Method ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Electroless Ni

In this work, the electroless plating Ni-Cu-P on aluminium is obtained successfully by direct Ni-Cu-P plating method. The effect of bath compositions on the electroless plating rate and the properties of the electroless Ni-Cu-P deposits was studied by orthogonal test. The corrosion resistance, hardness, surface morphology and components of the coating were studied by using electrochemical workstation, digital micro-hardness SEM and EDS. The optimum bath formula obtained is 0.6g/L copper sulfate, 30g/L nickel sulfate, 35g/L sodium citrate, 25 g/L sodium hypophosphite, 20g/L acetic anhydride and right amount of self-made additive. The deposition rate, hardness and corrosion resistance are all good. The adhesion between the deposits and the matrix is better. The deposits is smooth and uniformity, smooth by SEM. The deposit contains Ni 78.90%, Cu 8.65%, P 12.46% by the analyses of energy disperse X-ray.

scholarly journals The effects of stabilizers on the bath stability of electroless Ni deposition and the deposit

2004 ◽  
Vol 229 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 282-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.J. Cheong ◽  
Ben L. Luan ◽  
David W. Shoesmith
Keyword(s):  
Electroless Ni ◽  
Bath Stability

The effect of sodium citrate as a complex agent on the corrosion properties of the electroless Ni-P coating

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (12) ◽  
pp. 126511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Refaie Omar ◽  
M S Aboraia ◽  
E A Oraby ◽  
R Gubner ◽  
A E Rizk
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Corrosion Properties ◽  
Complex Agent ◽  
Electroless Ni

Effects of pH, calcium, and succinate on sodium citrate cotransport in renal microvilli

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (2) ◽  
pp. F282-F290 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Barac-Nieto
Keyword(s):  
Brush Border ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Sodium Citrate ◽  
Brush Border Membrane ◽  
Substrate Inhibition ◽  
Citrate Concentration ◽  
Concentration Dependency ◽  
Sodium Dependent ◽  
Effects Of Ph

Sodium-dependent citrate uptake (v) by rabbit renal brush border vesicles was studied as a function of pH and Ca2+, citrate, and succinate concentrations to evaluate the hypothesis that factors which alter renal citrate reabsorption also alter v. At pH 8 a 10-fold increment in citrate concentration (up to 3.3 mM) was required to achieve the same v observed at pH 7. This provides proof that the protonated citrates are the effective substrates for v. At higher citrate concentrations (5-10 mM) and pH 8, substrate inhibition of v occurred. Studies of the substrate concentration dependency of v at various pH levels and calcium concentrations indicated that v was competitively inhibited by citrate3-. Changes in calcium concentrations altered v by altering the protonated citrate and citrate3- concentrations; v showed countertransport with succinate. Sodium-dependent succinate uptake (vs) was not pH dependent but was more inhibited by 1 mM citrate at pH 7 than at pH 8, indicating that the protonated citrates are inhibitors of vs. However, citrate3- was also found to inhibit vs. Thus, changes in v at the brush border membrane due to the effects of pH or calcium concentration on the protonated citrate concentration and to competition between polycarboxylates may be relevant to changes in renal citrate reabsorption in vivo.

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