Alleviation of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Depression via Regulation of the Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Pathway in the Amygdala of a Valproic Acid-Induced Animal Model of Autism

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 5264-5276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han-Fang Wu ◽  
Po See Chen ◽  
Yi-Ju Chen ◽  
Chi-Wei Lee ◽  
I-Tuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Valproic Acid ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3Β ◽  
Long Term Depression ◽  
Aspartate Receptor

Uterine response to estradiol under action of chorionic gonadotropin in mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-496
Author(s):  
A. G. Gunin ◽  
V. U. Emelianov ◽  
I. U. Mironkin ◽  
M. P. Morozov ◽  
V. A. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptors ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotropin ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3Β ◽  
Myometrial Cells ◽  
Ovariectomized Mice ◽  
Vehicle Injection ◽  
Short And Long Term

This work examined the effect of chorionic gonadotropin on proliferative and morphogenetic reactions in the uterus under short- and long-term estrogen treatments. Ovariectomized mice received a single injection with estradiol dipropionate (2 μg per 100 g; subcutaneously, sc) or vehicle and injections with human chorionic gonadotropin (10 IU per 100 g; sc) or vehicle twice a day for 2 days. Other groups of animals received injections with estradiol once a week or vehicle and injections with chorionic gonadotropin or vehicle once a day for 30 days. The uteri were removed 48 h after the last estradiol or vehicle injection. In animals treated with estradiol and chorionic gonadotropin for a month, the incidence of atypical endometrial hyperplasia was significantly higher. In animals treated with estradiol and chorionic gonadotropin for 2 days or for a month, uterine mass was slightly increased, the number of mitotic cells and BrdU-labeled cells was greater in luminal epithelium, glandular epithelium, stromal and myometrial cells, whereas the expression of estrogen receptors-α was lower in all uterine compartments, than in control. In mice who received estradiol and chorionic gonadotropin for 2 days, levels of β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in luminal and glandular epithelia were lower. In animals treated with estradiol and chorionic gonadotropin for a month, the level of β-catenin was slightly higher, and the expression of glycogen synthase kinase-3β was lower in luminal and glandular epithelia. Thus, chorionic gonadotropin exerts estradiol-induced proliferative and morphogenetic changes in the uterus. This action of chorionic gonadotropin is associated with decreased expression of estrogen receptors-α and with changes in expression of β-catenin and glycogen synthase kinase-3β in the uterus.

Microcystin-LR inhibited hippocampal long-term potential via regulation of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β pathway

Chemosphere ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianghua Wang ◽  
Fankai Lin ◽  
Fei Cai ◽  
Wei Yan ◽  
Qiong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase ◽  
Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3Β
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