scholarly journals Vom Huhn abgeleitete Antikörper für Diagnostik und Immuntherapie

BIOspektrum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 500-504
Author(s):  
Adrian Elter ◽  
Jan P. Bogen ◽  
Jan Habermann ◽  
Harald Kolmar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Evolutionary Distance ◽  
Biotechnological Applications ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Human Proteins ◽  
Mammalian Origin

AbstractDue to the large evolutionary distance between birds (Aves) und humans, immunization of chickens with human proteins results in a strong response of the bird’s adaptive immune system to proteins of mammalian origin. Additionally, chicken-derived antibodies display less undesired cross-reactivity in analytical setups than conventional rodent-derived antibodies. Due to these features as well as the facile amplification of antibody-coding genes, chicken-derived antibodies emerged as promising molecules for the immunotherapy and various biotechnological applications.

scholarly journals Maximal frustration as an immunological principle

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (32) ◽  
pp. 321-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Vistulo de Abreu ◽  
P Mostardinha
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Artificial Immune Systems ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Mathematical Analyses

A fundamental problem in immunology is that of understanding how the immune system selects promptly which cells to kill without harming the body. This problem poses an apparent paradox. Strong reactivity against pathogens seems incompatible with perfect tolerance towards self. We propose a different view on cellular reactivity to overcome this paradox: effector functions should be seen as the outcome of cellular decisions which can be in conflict with other cells' decisions. We argue that if cellular systems are frustrated, then extensive cross-reactivity among the elements in the system can decrease the reactivity of the system as a whole and induce perfect tolerance. Using numerical and mathematical analyses, we discuss two simple models that perform optimal pathogenic detection with no autoimmunity if cells are maximally frustrated. This study strongly suggests that a principle of maximal frustration could be used to build artificial immune systems. It would be interesting to test this principle in the real adaptive immune system.

scholarly journals How a well-adapted immune system is organized

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (19) ◽  
pp. 5950-5955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Mayer ◽  
Vijay Balasubramanian ◽  
Thierry Mora ◽  
Aleksandra M. Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Pathogen Diversity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Lymphocyte Receptors

The repertoire of lymphocyte receptors in the adaptive immune system protects organisms from diverse pathogens. A well-adapted repertoire should be tuned to the pathogenic environment to reduce the cost of infections. We develop a general framework for predicting the optimal repertoire that minimizes the cost of infections contracted from a given distribution of pathogens. The theory predicts that the immune system will have more receptors for rare antigens than expected from the frequency of encounters; individuals exposed to the same infections will have sparse repertoires that are largely different, but nevertheless exploit cross-reactivity to provide the same coverage of antigens; and the optimal repertoires can be reached via the dynamics of competitive binding of antigens by receptors and selective amplification of stimulated receptors. Our results follow from a tension between the statistics of pathogen detection, which favor a broader receptor distribution, and the effects of cross-reactivity, which tend to concentrate the optimal repertoire onto a few highly abundant clones. Our predictions can be tested in high-throughput surveys of receptor and pathogen diversity.

Evolution and age characteristics of the innate and adaptive immune system

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Abaturov ◽  
◽  
E.A. Agafonova ◽  
N.I. Abaturova ◽  
V.L. Babich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Thromboses and Hemostasis Disorders Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Possible Causal Role of Cross-Reactivity and Immunological Imprinting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darja Kanduc
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Active Immunization ◽  
Thromboembolic Complications ◽  
Human Proteins ◽  
Almost All

AbstractBy examining the issue of the thromboses and hemostasis disorders associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) through the lens of cross-reactivity, it was found that 60 pentapeptides are shared by SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (gp) and human proteins that— when altered, mutated, deficient or, however, improperly functioning— cause vascular diseases, thromboembolic complications, venous thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, coagulopathies, and bleeding, inter alia. The peptide commonality has a relevant immunological potential as almost all of the shared sequences are present in experimentally validated SARS-CoV-2 spike gp-derived epitopes, thus supporting the possibility of cross-reactions between the viral gp and the thromboses-related human proteins. Moreover, many of the shared peptide sequences are also present in pathogens to which individuals have previously been exposed following natural infection or vaccinal routes, and of which the immune system has stored imprint. Such an immunological memory might rapidly trigger anamnestic secondary cross-reactive responses of extreme affinity and avidity, in this way explaining the thromboembolic adverse events that can associate with SARS-CoV-2 infection or active immunization.

scholarly journals Unfolded Protein Corona Surrounding Nanotubes Influence the Innate and Adaptive Immune System

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 2004979
Author(s):  
Jun‐Young Park ◽  
Sung Jean Park ◽  
Jun Young Park ◽  
Sang‐Hyun Kim ◽  
Song Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Protein Corona ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals T Cells Limit Accumulation of Aggregate Pathology Following Intrastriatal Injection of α-Synuclein Fibrils

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Sonia George ◽  
Trevor Tyson ◽  
Nolwen L. Rey ◽  
Rachael Sheridan ◽  
Wouter Peelaerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Immune System ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
T And B Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice ◽  
The Impact

Background: α-Synuclein (α-syn) is the predominant protein in Lewy-body inclusions, which are pathological hallmarks of α- synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Other hallmarks include activation of microglia, elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as the activation of T and B cells. These immune changes point towards a dysregulation of both the innate and the adaptive immune system. T cells have been shown to recognize epitopes derived from α-syn and altered populations of T cells have been found in PD and MSA patients, providing evidence that these cells can be key to the pathogenesis of the disease. Objective To study the role of the adaptive immune system with respect to α-syn pathology. Methods: We injected human α-syn preformed fibrils (PFFs) into the striatum of immunocompromised mice (NSG) and assessed accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology, proteinase K-resistant α-syn pathology and microgliosis in the striatum, substantia nigra and frontal cortex. We also assessed the impact of adoptive transfer of naïve T and B cells into PFF-injected immunocompromised mice. Results: Compared to wildtype mice, NSG mice had an 8-fold increase in phosphorylated α-syn pathology in the substantia nigra. Reconstituting the T cell population decreased the accumulation of phosphorylated α-syn pathology and resulted in persistent microgliosis in the striatum when compared to non-transplanted mice. Conclusion: Our work provides evidence that T cells play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental α-synucleinopathy.

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