scholarly journals An Online Mindful Parenting Training for Mothers Raising Toddlers: Assessment of Acceptability, Effectiveness, and Personal Goals

Mindfulness ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrthe G. B. M. Boekhorst ◽  
Lianne P. Hulsbosch ◽  
Ivan Nyklíček ◽  
Viola Spek ◽  
Anna Kastelein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Parental Stress ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Mindful Parenting ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Personal Goals

Abstract Objectives Mindful parenting (MP) interventions show promising results, but they mostly target parents (of children) with mental health problems. This study examined an online MP intervention for mothers with toddlers in a population-based sample. Aims were to assess acceptability and effectiveness of the intervention for mothers with and without parental stress, and examine their predetermined personal goals. Methods The study included 157 mothers with toddlers from the general population of whom 73 reported parental stress. The mothers participated in an 8-week online MP training. Questionnaires were completed at waitlist, pretest, posttest, and follow-up. Results Mothers rated the training positively, although only 23.1% completed the training. Personal goals were analyzed qualitatively, establishing four different themes: attention, well-being, patience, and balance. Significant improvements in personal goals posttest and follow-up were found (large and very large effect size, respectively). We found no significant improvements from waitlist to pretest for all outcome variables, except personal goals (medium effect size). Mixed-linear model analyses showed significant improvements posttest and follow-up as compared to pretest regarding Self-compassion, Parental over-reactivity and Symptoms of anxiety and depression (small to medium effect sizes). There was an effect at posttest for Parenting problems, and for Parental role restriction at follow-up (small effect sizes). Levels of parental stress and theme of personal goal did not influence the effectiveness of the intervention. Conclusions The current study provides initial evidence that an online MP training could be an easily accessible, inexpensive, and valuable intervention for parents without an indication for a therapist-assisted intervention. Trial Registration Dutch Trial Register (NTR7401)

scholarly journals A Short Mindfulness Retreat for Students to Reduce Stress and Promote Self-Compassion: Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial Exploring Both an Indoor and a Natural Outdoor Retreat Setting

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 910
Author(s):  
Dorthe Djernis ◽  
Mia S. O’Toole ◽  
Lone O. Fjorback ◽  
Helle Svenningsen ◽  
Mimi Y. Mehlsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Pilot Randomised Controlled Trial ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Randomised Controlled

Here, we developed and examined a new way of disseminating mindfulness in nature to people without meditation experience, based on the finding that mindfulness conducted in natural settings may have added benefits. We evaluated a 5-day residential programme aiming to reduce stress and improve mental health outcomes. We compared an indoor and an outdoor version of the programme to a control group in a pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT). Sixty Danish university students experiencing moderate to high levels of stress were randomised into a residential mindfulness programme indoors (n = 20), in nature (n = 22), or a control group (n = 18). Participants completed the Perceived Stress Scale and the Self-Compassion Scale (primary outcomes) along with additional secondary outcome measures at the start and end of the program and 3 months after. Stress was decreased with small to medium effect sizes post-intervention, although not statistically significant. Self-compassion increased post-intervention, but effect sizes were small and not significant. At follow-up, changes in stress were not significant, however self-compassion increased for both interventions with medium-sized effects. For the intervention groups, medium- to large-sized positive effects on trait mindfulness after a behavioural task were found post-intervention, and small- to medium-sized effects in self-reported mindfulness were seen at follow-up. Connectedness to Nature was the only outcome measure with an incremental effect in nature, exceeding the control with a medium-sized effect at follow-up. All participants in the nature arm completed the intervention, and so did 97% of the participants in all three arms. Overall, the results encourage the conduct of a larger-scale RCT, but only after adjusting some elements of the programme to better fit and take advantage of the potential benefits of the natural environment.

scholarly journals Effect sizes and test-retest reliability of the fMRI-based Neurologic Pain Signature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochun Han ◽  
Yoni K. Ashar ◽  
Philip Kragel ◽  
Bogdan Petre ◽  
Victoria Schelkun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Medium Effect Size ◽  
Pain Reports ◽  
Nociceptive Input ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Identifying biomarkers that predict mental states with large effect sizes and high test-retest reliability is a growing priority for fMRI research. We examined a well-established multivariate brain measure that tracks pain induced by nociceptive input, the Neurologic Pain Signature (NPS). In N = 295 participants across eight studies, NPS responses showed a very large effect size in predicting within-person single-trial pain reports (d = 1.45) and medium effect size in predicting individual differences in pain reports (d = 0.49, average r = 0.20). The NPS showed excellent short-term (within-day) test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.84, with average 69.5 trials/person). Reliability scaled with the number of trials within-person, with ≥60 trials required for excellent test-retest reliability. Reliability was comparable in two additional studies across 5-day (N = 29, ICC = 0.74, 30 trials/person) and 1-month (N = 40, ICC = 0.46, 5 trials/person) test-retest intervals. The combination of strong within-person correlations and only modest between-person correlations between the NPS and pain reports indicates that the two measures have different sources of between-person variance. The NPS is not a surrogate for individual differences in pain reports, but can serve as a reliable measure of pain-related physiology and mechanistic target for interventions.

A Meta-Analytic Review of the Consequences of Stigma and Stereotype Threat for Individuals with Specific Learning Disabilities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Haft ◽  
Fumiko Hoeft
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Specific Learning Disabilities ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Related Stigma ◽  
Specific Learning

Exposure to stigma and stereotype threat has shown detrimental effects on psychological and academic outcomes in numerous marginalized groups. Research has demonstrated that individuals with specific learning disabilities (SLDs) are vulnerable to stigmatization because of their SLDs. The purpose of this quantitative meta-analysis is to provide an estimation of the overall relationship between SLD-related stigma and psychological and academic outcomes in individuals with SLDs, as well as examine the overall effect size of SLD-related stereotype threat across studies. A total of seven effect sizes examining SLD stigma and psychological adjustment, two effect sizes examining SLD stigma and academic outcomes, and six effect sizes examining SLD stereotype threat across 13 studies were analyzed. Meta-analytic findings revealed that greater SLD stigma scores had a medium-sized and significant correlation with less optimal psychological adjustment (r=-.39, k=7, p<.0001). SLD stigma showed a weak association with academic outcomes (r=-.06, k=2, p=.59). The estimated mean effect size of stereotype threat manipulations in individuals with SLDs was g=0.49 (k=6, p<.030), reflecting a medium effect and overall poorer performance-related outcomes in conditions of high stereotype threat. Given the small number of studies, moderator analyses were unable to be performed and evidence for publication bias is equivocal. These findings highlight the need for more research on SLD-related stigma and stereotype threat, and suggest that these negative experiences be a target of intervention and support efforts for individuals with SLDs.

New Effect Sizes for Tests of Categorical Moderation and Differential Prediction

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D. Nye ◽  
Paul R. Sackett
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Differential Prediction ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Large Databases

Moderator hypotheses involving categorical variables are prevalent in organizational and psychological research. Despite their importance, current methods of identifying and interpreting these moderation effects have several limitations that may result in misleading conclusions about their implications. This issue has been particularly salient in the literature on differential prediction where recent research has suggested that these limitations have had a significant impact on past research. To help address these issues, we propose several new effect size indices that provide additional information about categorical moderation analyses. The advantages of these indices are then illustrated in two large databases of respondents by examining categorical moderation in the prediction of psychological well-being and the extent of differential prediction in a large sample of job incumbents.

scholarly journals The Effect of Knee Flexion on Active and Passive Popliteal Venous Flow When Using Crutches or Knee Scooter While Immobilized

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0007
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Reb ◽  
Edward T. Haupt ◽  
Gregory C. Berlet
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Knee Flexion ◽  
Venous Return ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Venous Flow ◽  
Flow Parameters ◽  
The Mean

Category: Trauma; Other Introduction/Purpose: Knee flexion has been demonstrated to impede popliteal venous return with large effect size among patients lying supine for surgery. Passive popliteal flow impedance has also been suggested to occur with knee scooter usage due to knee flexion. This study compared the effect of knee flexion angles on popliteal venous return between upright, crutch and knee scooter positioning when immobilized. Further, the countervailing effect of standardized hallux musculovenous pump activation was observed. Methods: This was an IRB approved study of young, healthy volunteers. Popliteal venous diameter and flow metrics were assessed with venous ultrasonography and compared between straight leg, crutch, and knee scooter positioning while wearing a walking boot and nonweightbearing. Flow was assessed with muscles at rest and with hallux musculovenous pump activation via active oscillation between hallux metatarsophalangeal joint extension and flexion at one motion per second (0.5 Hz) as paced by a metronome. Observer consistency was assessed. Paired-sample Student’s t-test and the Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to assess within-subject differences for diameter and venous flow parameters, respectively. Knee flexion and musculovenous pump activation effects sizes were calculated. A priori sample size indicated 24 subjects were needed to achieve 80% power to detect a significant ( p < 0.006 ) difference in medial flow for any of 8 comparisons, assuming large effect sizes. Results: 16 of 24 (67%) subjects were female. Twelve limbs (50%) were right sided. The mean age was 21.9 years (SD 3.0 years) and the mean body mass index was 21.9 (SD 1.9). Observer consistencies were excellent (0.93 to 0.99). No significant differences in mean vessel diameter, time-averaged mean velocity, and total volume flow occurred. Corresponding knee flexion effect sizes were small (range -0.04 to -0.26). A significant decrease (-24%) in active median time-averaged peak velocity (TAPV) occurred between upright and crutch position (20.89 cm/s vs. 15.92 cm/s, p < 0.001) with a medium effect size (-0.51). Hallux musculovenous pump increased all flow parameters (all p< 0.001) and effect sizes were comparatively larger (>0.6) across all knee flexion positions. Conclusion: Compared to values reported for supine individuals, upright passive popliteal venous return was observed to be markedly diminished at all knee flexion angles. Knee flexion had minimal effect on diameter, a small effect in further diminishing TAMV and TVF and a medium effect on diminishing TAPV. Hallux musculovenous pump activiation had a large effect on increasing flow at all knee flexion angles. Patients may well be counseled to use toe motion to counter the negative effects of gravity, and to a lesser extent knee flexion, when using crutches and knee scooters while their ankle is immobilized.

Efficacy and specificity of computer-assisted cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: a meta-analytical study

2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Grynszpan ◽  
S. Perbal ◽  
A. Pelissolo ◽  
P. Fossati ◽  
R. Jouvent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Cognitive Remediation ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
And Control

BackgroundCognitive remediation is frequently based on computerized training methods that target different cognitive deficits. The aim of this article was to assess the efficacy of computer-assisted cognitive remediation (CACR) in schizophrenia and to determine whether CACR enables selective treatment of specific cognitive domains.MethodA meta-analysis was performed on 16 randomized controlled trials evaluating CACR. The effect sizes of differences between CACR and control groups were computed and classified according to the cognitive domain assessed. The possible influences of four potential moderator variables were examined: participants' age, treatment duration, weekly frequency, and control condition type. To test the domain-specific effect, the intended goal of each study was determined and the effect sizes were sorted accordingly. The effect sizes of the cognitive domains explicitly targeted by the interventions were then compared with those that were not.ResultsCACR enhanced general cognition with a mean effect size of 0.38 [confidence interval (CI) 0.20–0.55]. A significant medium effect size of 0.64 (CI 0.29–0.99) was found for Social Cognition. Improvements were also significant in Verbal Memory, Working Memory, Attention/Vigilance and Speed of Processing with small effect sizes. Cognitive domains that were specifically targeted by the interventions did not yield higher effects than those that were not.ConclusionsThe results lend support to the efficacy of CACR with particular emphasis on Social Cognition. The difficulty in targeting specific domains suggests a ‘non-specific’ effect of CACR. These results are discussed in the light of the possible bias in remediation tasks due to computer interface design paradigms.

scholarly journals Guided Web-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Perfectionism: Results From Two Different Randomized Controlled Trials (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Rozental ◽  
Roz Shafran ◽  
Tracey D Wade ◽  
Radha Kothari ◽  
Sarah J Egan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Intention To Treat ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Uk

BACKGROUND Perfectionism can become a debilitating condition that may negatively affect functioning in multiple areas, including mental health. Prior research has indicated that internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy can be beneficial, but few studies have included follow-up data. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to explore the outcomes at follow-up of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy with guided self-help, delivered as 2 separate randomized controlled trials conducted in Sweden and the United Kingdom. METHODS In total, 120 participants randomly assigned to internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy were included in both intention-to-treat and completer analyses: 78 in the Swedish trial and 62 in the UK trial. The primary outcome measure was the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Concern over Mistakes subscale (FMPS CM). Secondary outcome measures varied between the trials and consisted of the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ; both trials), the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Swedish trial), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7; Swedish trial), and the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21; UK trial). Follow-up occurred after 6 months for the UK trial and after 12 months for the Swedish trial. RESULTS Analysis of covariance revealed a significant difference between pretreatment and follow-up in both studies. Intention-to-treat within-group Cohen d effect sizes were 1.21 (Swedish trial; 95% CI 0.86-1.54) and 1.24 (UK trial; 95% CI 0.85-1.62) for the FMPS CM. Furthermore, 29 (59%; Swedish trial) and 15 (43%; UK trial) of the participants met the criteria for recovery on the FMPS CM. Improvements were also significant for the CPQ, with effect sizes of 1.32 (Swedish trial; 95% CI 0.97-1.66) and 1.49 (UK trial; 95% CI 1.09-1.88); the PHQ-9, effect size 0.60 (95% CI 0.28-0.92); the GAD-7, effect size 0.67 (95% CI 0.34-0.99); and the DASS-21, effect size 0.50 (95% CI 0.13-0.85). CONCLUSIONS The results are promising for the use of internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy as a way of targeting perfectionism, but the findings need to be replicated and include a comparison condition.

Meta-Analysis on Interventions for Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence

2019 ◽  
pp. 152483801988173
Author(s):  
Elisa Romano ◽  
Kelly Weegar ◽  
Elena Gallitto ◽  
Sarah Zak ◽  
Michael Saini
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Post Intervention

Several reviews have been conducted on children’s outcomes following exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), but there remain inconsistent findings. We conducted a meta-analysis on child emotional and behavioral outcomes of IPV exposure interventions, based on published reviews that included a child component. We also explored relative effect sizes by examining moderators of the effect sizes across studies. This meta-analysis included 21 evaluation studies across 12 published reviews, which were located using a multiple database systematic search of English publications between 2000 and 2019. Studies were required to evaluate IPV interventions that included children, to gather quantitative pre- and post-intervention data on child outcomes, to use standardized instruments, and to present data in a format that could be used in a meta-analysis. Results indicated an overall pre- to post-intervention medium effect size ( d = 0.49), with effect sizes ranging from small to large depending on the specific outcome. Improvements at follow-up were maintained for internalizing behaviors but decreased for trauma-related symptoms and social, externalizing, and total behaviors. However, externalizing and total behavior outcomes still had significant effect sizes in the small-to-medium range ( d = 0.36 and 0.44). There were greater intervention effects when treatment was not exclusively trauma-specific. It appears that IPV exposure interventions are generally effective for improving children’s emotional and behavioral well-being, although interventions would benefit from greater tailoring to children’s specific needs. Interventions may also benefit from incorporating various content areas (both trauma-specific and non-trauma-specific) and from greater focus on ensuring the maintenance of treatment gains.

scholarly journals Mental health and well-being from childhood to adulthood: design, methods and results of the 11-year follow-up of the BELLA study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Otto ◽  
Franziska Reiss ◽  
Catharina Voss ◽  
Anne Wüstner ◽  
Ann-Katrin Meyrose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
General Health ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Bella Study ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Health And Well Being

Abstract Mental health and well-being are of great interest in health policy and research. Longitudinal surveys are needed to provide solid population-based data. We describe the design and methods of an 11-year follow-up of the German BELLA study in children, adolescents and young adults, and we report on age- and gender-specific courses of general health and well-being, long-term health-related outcomes of mental health problems, and mental health care use. The BELLA study is the module on mental health and well-being within the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS). Standardised measures were used at each of the five measurement points of the BELLA study. In the 11-year follow-up, young people aged 7–31 years participated (n = 3492). Individual growth modelling, linear regression and descriptive analyses were conducted. Self-reported general health and well-being were both better in younger (vs. older) and in male (vs. female) participants according to the data from all five measurement points. Mental health problems in childhood and adolescence (measured at baseline) predicted impaired health outcomes at 6-year and 11-year follow-ups. Approximately one out of four children with a diagnosed mental disorder was not undergoing mental health treatment. With its 11-year follow-up, the prospective longitudinal BELLA study provides new and solid data on mental health and well-being from childhood to adulthood in Germany, and these data are important for health promotion and prevention practices. These results are consistent with previous findings. Promising future analyses are planned.

An Examination of Effect Sizes and Statistical Power in Speech, Language, and Hearing Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1572-1580
Author(s):  
Laura Gaeta ◽  
Christopher R. Brydges
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Sample Sizes ◽  
Hearing Research ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Published Research

Purpose The purpose was to examine and determine effect size distributions reported in published audiology and speech-language pathology research in order to provide researchers and clinicians with more relevant guidelines for the interpretation of potentially clinically meaningful findings. Method Cohen's d, Hedges' g, Pearson r, and sample sizes ( n = 1,387) were extracted from 32 meta-analyses in journals in speech-language pathology and audiology. Percentile ranks (25th, 50th, 75th) were calculated to determine estimates for small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively. The median sample size was also used to explore statistical power for small, medium, and large effect sizes. Results For individual differences research, effect sizes of Pearson r = .24, .41, and .64 were found. For group differences, Cohen's d /Hedges' g = 0.25, 0.55, and 0.93. These values can be interpreted as small, medium, and large effect sizes in speech-language pathology and audiology. The majority of published research was inadequately powered to detect a medium effect size. Conclusions Effect size interpretations from published research in audiology and speech-language pathology were found to be underestimated based on Cohen's (1988, 1992) guidelines. Researchers in the field should consider using Pearson r = .25, .40, and .65 and Cohen's d /Hedges' g = 0.25, 0.55, and 0.95 as small, medium, and large effect sizes, respectively, and collect larger sample sizes to ensure that both significant and nonsignificant findings are robust and replicable.

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