scholarly journals Tiger (Panthera tigris) scent DNA: a valuable conservation tool for individual identification and population monitoring

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Caragiulo ◽  
Rob Stuart Alexander Pickles ◽  
Joseph Alexander Smith ◽  
Olutolani Smith ◽  
John Goodrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Panthera Tigris

Effect of sample age and season of collection on the reliability of microsatellite genotyping of faecal DNA

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxine P. Piggott
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Faecal Dna ◽  
Microsatellite Genotyping ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Sample Age ◽  
Dna Profiles

Individual identification of animals from DNA in field-collected faecal samples is becoming an increasingly important tool in wildlife population monitoring. A major issue relevant to the application of this technique is the reliability of the genotypes obtained. I investigated the effect of sample age and season of collection on amplification rates and reliability of microsatellite genotypes amplified from faecal DNA of a marsupial herbivore, the brush-tailed rock-wallaby (Petrogale penicillata) and a eutherian carnivore, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes). Comparison of DNA profiles from 1 day to 6 months for both species suggests that as the age of the faeces increases there is less good-quality DNA present on the surface of the faeces, resulting in significantly decreasing amplification rates and increasing genotyping error rates over time. No microsatellite PCR products were obtained from samples older than 3 months from any faecal DNA extract in either season. For both species, faeces collected during the summer trial yielded high-quality DNA for up to one week. Faeces collected in winter had significantly lower amplification rates and higher genotyping errors than the summer-collected samples. Computer simulations were used to estimate the probability of obtaining false genotypes when genotyping faecal samples of various ages. These revealed that three replicates is sufficient to prevent identification of false individuals for P. penicillata from faeces up to one week old in both summer and winter but more replicates may be required for older samples, particularly in winter. In contrast, up to eight replicates may be required for fox faeces collected in winter, particularly if more than one week old. These results also suggest that it is difficult to visually identify faecal age for V. vulpes, and any study using fox faeces would need to account for the likely inclusion of older faeces in a field collection. For P. penicillata, faecal age could be accurately assessed, particularly when less than one week old and targeting faeces that match the two most reliable appearance classes described here would be an efficient sampling strategy. It is recommended that the appropriate PCR replication protocol for any given study should be tailored to the error rates expected for the oldest samples likely to be collected. This study is the first to thoroughly investigate the effects of sample age and season of collection on microsatellite genotyping from faecal samples and provides guidelines for sampling and PCR repetition strategies for field-based non-invasive DNA studies.

scholarly journals Integrating spatial capture-recapture models with variable individual identifiability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel S. Ruprecht ◽  
Charlotte E. Eriksson ◽  
Tavis D. Forrester ◽  
Darren A. Clark ◽  
Michael J. Wisdom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puma Concolor ◽  
Individual Recognition ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Lynx Rufus ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Telemetry Data ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Gps Collars ◽  
Remote Cameras ◽  
Capture Recapture

AbstractMany applications in ecology depend on unbiased and precise estimates of animal population density. Spatial capture recapture models and their variants have become the preferred tool for estimating densities of carnivores. Within the spatial capture-recapture family are variants that require individual identification of all encounters (spatial capture-recapture), individual identification of a subset of a population (spatial mark-resight), or no individual identification (spatial count). In addition, these models can incorporate telemetry data (all models) and the marking process (spatial mark-resight). However, the consistency of results among methods and the relative precision of estimates in a real-world setting are unknown. Consequently, it is unclear how much and what type of data are needed to achieve satisfactory density estimates. We tested a suite of models to estimate population densities of black bears (Ursus americanus), bobcats (Lynx rufus), cougars (Puma concolor), and coyotes (Canis latrans). For each species we genotyped fecal DNA collected with detection dogs. A subset of individuals from each species were affixed with GPS collars bearing unique markings to be resighted by remote cameras set on a 1 km grid. We fit 10 models for each species ranging from those requiring no animals to be individually recognizable to others that necessitate full individual recognition. We then assessed the contribution of incorporating telemetry data to each model and the marking process to the mark-resight model. Finally, we developed an integrated hybrid model that combines camera, physical capture, genetic, and GPS data into a single hierarchical model. Importantly, we find that spatial count models that do not individually identify animals fail in all cases whether or not telemetry data are included. Results improved as models contained more information on individual identity. Models where a subset of individuals were identifiable yielded qualitatively similar results, but can produce quantitatively divergent estimates, suggesting that long-term population monitoring should use a consistent method across years. Incorporation of telemetry data and the marking process can produce more accurate and precise density estimates. Our results can be used to guide future study designs to efficiently estimate carnivore densities for better understanding of population dynamics, predator-prey relationships, and community assemblages.

scholarly journals Technical note: Development of DNA quantitation and STR typing systems for Panthera tigris species determination and individual identification in forensic casework

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Daniel Vaněk ◽  
Edvard Ehler ◽  
Lenka Vaňková
Keyword(s):  
Technical Note ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Str Typing ◽  
Species Determination ◽  
Molecular Systems ◽  
Forensic Casework ◽  
Dna Quantitation ◽  
Dna Profiles

The aim of this technical note is to provide an overview of methodical approaches used to develop molecular systems for species determination/DNA quantification called Ptig Qplex and individual identification called Ptig STRplex of Panthera tigris samples. Both systems will help to combat the illegal trade of endangered species and create a worldwide shared database of DNA profiles.

scholarly journals Bayesian abundance estimation from genetic mark-recapture data when not all sites are sampled: an example with the bowhead whale

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy R. Frasier ◽  
Stephen D. Petersen ◽  
Lianne Postma ◽  
Lucy Johnson ◽  
Mads Peter Heide-Jørgensen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Biology ◽  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Bowhead Whale ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Abundance Estimation ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Mark Recapture ◽  
Analytical Technique

AbstractEstimating abundance is one of the most fundamental and important aspects of population biology, with major implications on how the status of a population is perceived and thus on conservation and management efforts. Although typically based on one of two methods (distance sampling or mark-recapture), there are many individual identification methods that can be used for mark-recapture purposes. In recent years, the use of genetic data for individual identification and abundance estimation through mark-recapture analyses have increased, and in some situations such genetic identifications are more efficient than their field-based counterparts for population monitoring. One issue with mark-recapture analyses, regardless of which method of individual identification is used, is that the study area must provide adequate opportunities for “capturing” all individuals within a population. However, many populations are unevenly and widely distributed, making it unfeasible to adequately sample all necessary areas. Here we develop an analytical technique that accounts for unsampled locations, and provides a means to infer “missing” individuals from unsampled locations, and therefore obtain more accurate abundance estimates when it is not possible to sample all sites. This method is validated using simulations, and is used to estimate abundance of the Eastern Canada-West Greenland (EC-WG) bowhead whale population. Based on these analyses, the estimated size of this population is 9,089 individuals, with a 95% highest density interval of 5,107–17,079.

Noninvasive individual identification of the amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) by molecular-genetic methods

2009 ◽  
Vol 429 (1) ◽  
pp. 518-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Rozhnov ◽  
P. A. Sorokin ◽  
S. V. Naidenko ◽  
V. S. Lukarevskiy ◽  
H. A. Hernandez-Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Panthera Tigris ◽  
Amur Tiger ◽  
Panthera Tigris Altaica

scholarly journals Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture Through Camera Trapping: A Review of Benchmark Analyses for Wildlife Density Estimation

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin M. Green ◽  
Mark W. Chynoweth ◽  
Çağan Hakkı Şekercioğlu
Keyword(s):  
Density Estimation ◽  
Study Design ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Camera Trapping ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Capture Recapture

Camera traps have become an important research tool for both conservation biologists and wildlife managers. Recent advances in spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) methods have increasingly put camera traps at the forefront of population monitoring programs. These methods allow for benchmark analysis of species density without the need for invasive fieldwork techniques. We conducted a review of SECR studies using camera traps to summarize the current focus of these investigations, as well as provide recommendations for future studies and identify areas in need of future investigation. Our analysis shows a strong bias in species preference, with a large proportion of studies focusing on large felids, many of which provide the only baseline estimates of population density for these species. Furthermore, we found that a majority of studies produced density estimates that may not be precise enough for long-term population monitoring. We recommend simulation and power analysis be conducted before initiating any particular study design and provide examples using readily available software. Furthermore, we show that precision can be increased by including a larger study area that will subsequently increase the number of individuals photo-captured. As many current studies lack the resources or manpower to accomplish such an increase in effort, we recommend that researchers incorporate new technologies such as machine-learning, web-based data entry, and online deployment management into their study design. We also cautiously recommend the potential of citizen science to help address these study design concerns. In addition, modifications in SECR model development to include species that have only a subset of individuals available for individual identification (often called mark-resight models), can extend the process of explicit density estimation through camera trapping to species not individually identifiable.

IRIS AND FINGER VEIN MULTI MODEL RECOGNITION SYSTEM BASED ON SIFT FEATURES

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Faris E Mohammed ◽  
Dr. Eman M ALdaidamony ◽  
Prof. A. M Raid
Keyword(s):  
Iris Recognition ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Work Place ◽  
Identification Process ◽  
Finger Vein ◽  
Noise Point ◽  
Vein Recognition ◽  
A New Technique

Individual identification process is a very significant process that resides a large portion of day by day usages. Identification process is appropriate in work place, private zones, banks …etc. Individuals are rich subject having many characteristics that can be used for recognition purpose such as finger vein, iris, face …etc. Finger vein and iris key-points are considered as one of the most talented biometric authentication techniques for its security and convenience. SIFT is new and talented technique for pattern recognition. However, some shortages exist in many related techniques, such as difficulty of feature loss, feature key extraction, and noise point introduction. In this manuscript a new technique named SIFT-based iris and SIFT-based finger vein identification with normalization and enhancement is proposed for achieving better performance. In evaluation with other SIFT-based iris or SIFT-based finger vein recognition algorithms, the suggested technique can overcome the difficulties of tremendous key-point extraction and exclude the noise points without feature loss. Experimental results demonstrate that the normalization and improvement steps are critical for SIFT-based recognition for iris and finger vein , and the proposed technique can accomplish satisfactory recognition performance. Keywords: SIFT, Iris Recognition, Finger Vein identification and Biometric Systems.   © 2018 JASET, International Scholars and Researchers Association    

Using Long-Term Population Monitoring Data to Prioritize Conservation Action among Rare Plant Species

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly L. Bernardo ◽  
Pati Vitt ◽  
Rachel Goad ◽  
Susanne Masi ◽  
Tiffany M. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Population Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Rare Plant ◽  
Conservation Action ◽  
Rare Plant Species
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