Sniffing out social signals

e-Neuroforum ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Spehr
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Specific Receptor ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Sensory Structures ◽  
Functionally Diverse ◽  
Control Complex

AbstractIn most mammals, conspecific chemical com­munication strategies control complex social and sexual behavior. Just a few years ago, our concept of how the olfactory system is orga­nized to ensure faithful transmission of so­cial information built on the rather simplis­tic assumption that two fundamentally dif­ferent classes of stimuli - ‘general’ odors ver­sus ‘pheromones’ - are exclusively detected by either of two sensory structures: the main olfactory epithelium or the vomeronasal or­gan. A number of exciting recent findings, however, revealed a much more complex and functionally diverse organizational struc­ture of the sense of smell. At least four ana­tomically segregated olfactory subsystems, some remarkably heterogeneous in their cel­lular composition, detect distinct, but partial­ly overlapping populations of sensory stimuli. Discerning how subsystem-specific receptor architectures and signaling pathways orches­trate the coding logic of social chemosignals, will ultimately shed new light on the neuro­physiological basis of social behavior.

scholarly journals Extinction reverses olfactory fear-conditioned increases in neuron number and glomerular size

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (41) ◽  
pp. 12846-12851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filomene G. Morrison ◽  
Brian G. Dias ◽  
Kerry J. Ressler
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Freezing Behavior ◽  
Extinction Training ◽  
Odor Stimulus ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Odor Learning

Although much work has investigated the contribution of brain regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex to the processing of fear learning and memory, fewer studies have examined the role of sensory systems, in particular the olfactory system, in the detection and perception of cues involved in learning and memory. The primary sensory receptive field maps of the olfactory system are exquisitely organized and respond dynamically to cues in the environment, remaining plastic from development through adulthood. We have previously demonstrated that olfactory fear conditioning leads to increased odorant-specific receptor representation in the main olfactory epithelium and in glomeruli within the olfactory bulb. We now demonstrate that olfactory extinction training specific to the conditioned odor stimulus reverses the conditioning-associated freezing behavior and odor learning-induced structural changes in the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb in an odorant ligand-specific manner. These data suggest that learning-induced freezing behavior, structural alterations, and enhanced neural sensory representation can be reversed in adult mice following extinction training.

scholarly journals Peran Spiritual Berhubungan dengan Perilaku Sosial dan Seksual Remaja

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Ardhian Indra Darmawan ◽  
Shanti Wardhaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Spiritual Values ◽  
Wrong Decision ◽  
The Social

Setiap manusia yang ada di dunia memiliki keyakinan yang dianut. Spiritual  adalah dasar dari kehidupan manusia dalam aktivitas kehidupan di dunia. Salah satu peristiwa yang terjadi dalam kehidupan adalah hubungan sosial antar manusia.  Perkembangan manusia dimulai dari bayi, balita, anak-anak, remaja, dewasa sampai lanjut usia. Masa remaja adalah fase transisi yang berada diantara fase anak - anakmenuju fase dewasa. Setiap fase perkembangan manusia dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, salah satunya adalah faktor lingkungankeluarga dan spiritual. Abad 21 memberikan potensi adanya pergeseran nilai emosional dan sosial remaja ke arah negatif, seperti pergaulan bebas yang dilakukan oleh remaja. Data diambil  melalui PubMed, ProQuest, dan Google Cendekia menggunakan kata kunci: spiritual, sikap spiritual orang tua, perilaku sosial dan seksual remaja. Hasil dari delapan artikel yang diperoleh, diidentifikasi sebanyak empat tema, yaitu Spiritual dalam hubungan sosial, spiritual dalam perilaku dan kesehatan mental remaja, perilaku seksual berdasarkan budaya dan yang terkahir yaitu kontrol spiritual dalam perilaku dan pendidikan seksual. Hakekat dari nilai yang sosial yang terkandung dalam spiritual mampu memberikan dampak bagi kehidupan sosial remaja. Peran tingkat pengetahuan dan aplikasi nilai spiritual oleh orang tua dan lingkungan remaja tinggal mampu memberikan dampak bagi perilaku sosial remaja.  Perilaku sosial remaja yang didalamnya terdapat perilaku untuk memenuhi kebutuhan biologisnya yaitu perilaku seksual.  Remaja yang pengalaman hidupnya belum banyak, maka berisiko salah dalam mengambil keputusan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam kehidupannya termasuk hubungan sosialnya. Meningkatnya pemahaman nilai spiritual akan mampu mengontrol perilaku yang dilakukan oleh remaja untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sosialnya. Kata kunci: peran spiritual, perilaku sosial dan seksual, remaja SPIRITUAL ROLE DEALING WITH SOCIAL AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOR OF YOUTH ABSTRACTEvery human being in the world have adopted beliefs. Spirituality is the foundation of human life in the world's life activity. One of the events that happen in life is the social relationships between people. Human development begins from infants, toddlers, children, teenagers, adults to elderly. Adolescence is a transitional phase that is between phases of a child - the child towards the adult phase. Each phase of human development is influenced by several factors, one of which is a spiritual family and environmental factors. The 21st century provides the potential for a shift in adolescent emotional and social values in the negative direction, such as promiscuity conducted by adolescents. Data retrieved via PubMed, ProQuest, and Google Scholar using keywords: spiritual, spiritual attitudes of parents, social behavior and sexual. Results from the eight articles obtained, four themes were identified, namely spiritual in social relationships, spiritual behavior and mental health of adolescents, sexual behavior based on culture and finally spiritual control in sexual behavior and education. The nature of the social values contained in the spiritual can provide an impact on the social life of adolescents. The role of the level of knowledge and application of spiritual values by parents and the environment of adolescents living is able to have an impact on adolescent social behavior. Adolescent social behavior in which there is behavior to meet biological needs, namely sexual behavior. Teenagers, whose life experiences are not many, then risk making the wrong decision to meet the needs in their lives, including social relationships. Increased understanding of spiritual values will be able to control the behavior carried out by adolescents to meet their social needs. Keywords: spiritual behavior, adolescents, adolescent sexual behavior 

scholarly journals Precise and pervasive phasic bursting in locus coeruleus during maternal behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Dvorkin ◽  
Stephen D. Shea
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Locus Coeruleus ◽  
Maternal Behavior ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Pup Retrieval ◽  
Subsequent Behavior ◽  
Maternal Interaction ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Global Brain ◽  
Relationship Of

ABSTRACTThe noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) mediates key aspects of arousal, memory, and cognition in structured tasks, but its contribution to natural behavior remains unclear. Neuronal activity in LC is organized into sustained (‘tonic’) firing patterns reflecting global brain states and rapidly fluctuating (‘phasic’) bursts signaling discrete behaviorally significant events. LC’s broad participation in social behavior including maternal behavior is well-established, yet the temporal relationship of its activity to sensory events and behavioral decisions in this context is unknown. Here, we made electrical and optical recordings from LC in female mice during maternal interaction with pups. We find that pup retrieval stably elicits precisely timed and pervasive phasic activation of LC that can’t be attributed to sensory stimuli, motor activity, or reward. Correlation of LC activity with retrieval events shows that phasic events are most closely related to subsequent behavior. We conclude that LC likely drives goal-directed action selection during social behavior with globally-broadcast noradrenaline release.

scholarly journals A Near Complete Zonal Map of Mouse Olfactory Receptors

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longzhi Tan ◽  
X. Sunney Xie
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Olfactory Receptors ◽  
Mrna Abundance ◽  
Topological Map ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Regulated Expression ◽  
Or Genes

AbstractIn the mouse olfactory system, spatially regulated expression of > 1,000 olfactory receptors (ORs) ― a phenomenon termed “zones” ― forms a topological map in the main olfactory epithelium (MOE). However, the zones of most ORs are currently unknown. By sequencing mRNA of 12 isolated MOE pieces, we mapped out zonal information for 1,033 OR genes with an estimated accuracy of 0.3 zones, covering 81% of all intact OR genes and 99.4% of total OR mRNA abundance. Zones tend to vary gradually along chromosomes. We further identified putative non-OR genes that may exhibit zonal expression.

scholarly journals Destruction of the Main Olfactory Epithelium Reduces Female Sexual Behavior and Olfactory Investigation in Female Mice

2006 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Keller ◽  
Quentin Douhard ◽  
Michael J. Baum ◽  
Julie Bakker
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Female Sexual Behavior ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
Main Olfactory Epithelium

scholarly journals Genetic dissection of pheromone processing reveals main olfactory system-mediated social behaviors in mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. E311-E320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohiko Matsuo ◽  
Tatsuya Hattori ◽  
Akari Asaba ◽  
Naokazu Inoue ◽  
Nobuhiro Kanomata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Vomeronasal System ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Main Olfactory System

Most mammals have two major olfactory subsystems: the main olfactory system (MOS) and vomeronasal system (VNS). It is now widely accepted that the range of pheromones that control social behaviors are processed by both the VNS and the MOS. However, the functional contributions of each subsystem in social behavior remain unclear. To genetically dissociate the MOS and VNS functions, we established two conditional knockout mouse lines that led to either loss-of-function in the entire MOS or in the dorsal MOS. Mice with whole-MOS loss-of-function displayed severe defects in active sniffing and poor survival through the neonatal period. In contrast, when loss-of-function was confined to the dorsal MOB, sniffing behavior, pheromone recognition, and VNS activity were maintained. However, defects in a wide spectrum of social behaviors were observed: attraction to female urine and the accompanying ultrasonic vocalizations, chemoinvestigatory preference, aggression, maternal behaviors, and risk-assessment behaviors in response to an alarm pheromone. Functional dissociation of pheromone detection and pheromonal induction of behaviors showed the anterior olfactory nucleus (AON)-regulated social behaviors downstream from the MOS. Lesion analysis and neural activation mapping showed pheromonal activation in multiple amygdaloid and hypothalamic nuclei, important regions for the expression of social behavior, was dependent on MOS and AON functions. Identification of the MOS-AON–mediated pheromone pathway may provide insights into pheromone signaling in animals that do not possess a functional VNS, including humans.

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