scholarly journals Exosomes as cell-derivative carriers in the diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Gopal Shetgaonkar ◽  
Shirleen Miriam Marques ◽  
Cleona E. M. DCruz ◽  
R. J. A. Vibhavari ◽  
Lalit Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis ◽  
The Brain

AbstractExosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm and are found in different body fluids such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), urine and saliva. Like in case of various diseases, based on the parent cells, the content of exosomes (protein, mRNA, miRNA, DNA, lipids and metabolites) varies and thus can be utilized as potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of the brain diseases. Furthermore, utilizing the natural potential exosomes to cross the blood–brain barrier and by specifically decorating it with the ligand as per the desired brain sites therapeutics can be delivered to brain parenchyma. This review article conveys the importance of exosomes and their use in the treatment and diagnosis of brain/central nervous system diseases. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Central Nervous System Diseases and Prospects for Clinical Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Yinghan Guo ◽  
Hanhai Zeng ◽  
Chen Gao
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Central Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Extracellular Traps

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are complexes of decondensed DNA fibers and antimicrobial peptides that are released by neutrophils and play important roles in many noninfectious diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetes, and cancer. Recently, the formation of NETs has been detected in many central nervous system diseases and is thought to play different roles in the occurrence and development of these diseases. Researchers have detected NETs in acute ischemic stroke thrombi, and these NETs are thought to promote coagulation and thrombosis. NETs in ischemic brain parenchyma were identified as the cause of secondary nerve damage. High levels of NETs were also detected in grade IV glioma tissues, where NETs were involved in the proliferation and invasion of glioma cells by activating a signaling pathway. Extracellular web-like structures have also recently been observed in mice with traumatic brain injury (TBI), and it was hypothesized that NETs contribute to the development of edema after TBI. This article reviews the effect of NETs on multiple diseases that affect the CNS and explores their clinical application prospects.

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