scholarly journals The End of an Era: from Self-Regulation to Hard Law for the Digital Industry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Floridi
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Hard Law

scholarly journals Interacción y eficacia de los mecanismos de la autorregulacion contra la competencia desleal en el comercio y el Derecho mercantil internacional = The interplay and efficacy of the self-regulation and soft law mechanisms against the unfair competition in the International Trade Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Anna María Ruiz Martín
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Unfair Competition ◽  
The Self ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
Hard Law

Resumen: El presente artículo analiza la eficacia e interacción de los diferentes mecanismos de la autorregulación o del Soft law en el Comercio internacional contra las prácticas comerciales desleales y/o la competencia desleal. Mecanismos que siempre han sido controvertidos por su naturaleza no vinculante entre otros aspectos. Se trata de poner de relieve ciertos pros y contras de estos mecanismos, su relación con el hard law o las normas del Comercio internacional en las que se ha incluido cierta tutela contra lo que en estas instancias se entiende cómo competencia desleal en el mercado internacional (por ejemplo, el artículo 10 bis CUP incluido en el Tratado ADPIC y algunas disposiciones del Tratado GATT). Por medio de esta relación, que, a pesar de no estar todavía reconocida a nivel institucional, existe y puede mejorar la tutela contra las prácticas comerciales desleales dotándoles de mayor fuerza vinculante ante los tribunales en el ámbito de la litigación transfronteriza, tratando en el artículo la infracción de los mecanismos de la autorregulación, en especial, de lo que se conoce cómo Responsabilidad Social Corporativa y el Compliance, como un posible acto de competencia desleal en cuanto a poder considerarlas, obligaciones de tipo extracontractual.Palabras clave: competencia desleal, prácticas comerciales desleales (B2B-B2C), autorregulación, Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC), compliance, mercado internacional, Hard law, Soft law, OMC, GATT, ADPIC, artículo 10 bis CUP, códigos de conducta.Resumen: El presente artículo analiza la eficacia e interacción de los diferentes mecanismos de la autorregulación o del Soft law en el Comercio internacional contra las prácticas comerciales desleales y/o la competencia desleal. Mecanismos que siempre han sido controvertidos por su naturaleza no vinculante entre otros aspectos. Se trata de poner de relieve ciertos pros y contras de estos mecanismos, su relación con el hard law o las normas del Comercio internacional en las que se ha incluido cierta tutela contra lo que en estas instancias se entiende cómo competencia desleal en el mercado internacional (por ejemplo, el artículo 10 bis CUP incluido en el Tratado ADPIC y algunas disposiciones del Tratado GATT). Por medio de esta relación, que, a pesar de no estar todavía reconocida a nivel institucional, existe y puede mejorar la tutela contra las prácticas comerciales desleales dotándoles de mayor fuerza vinculante ante los tribunales en el ámbito de la litigación transfronteriza, tratando en el artículo la infracción de los mecanismos de la autorregulación, en especial, de lo que se conoce cómo Responsabilidad Social Corporativa y el Compliance, como un posible acto de competencia desleal en cuanto a poder considerarlas, obligaciones de tipo extracontractual.Palabras clave: competencia desleal, prácticas comerciales desleales (B2B-B2C), autorregulación, Responsabilidad Social Corporativa (RSC), compliance, mercado internacional, Hard law, Soft law, OMC, GATT, ADPIC, artículo 10 bis CUP, códigos de conducta.Abstract: This paper analyses the efficacy and interplay of the different mechanisms of the Self-Regulation (Soft Law) in the International Trade Law to fight against the unfair commercial practices or unfair competition. These mechanisms, as it well known, are considered as quite controversial, taking into account their non-binding legal nature. It will be emphasized, despite the above mentioned, that these mechanisms actually, have a strong relationship with certain mechanisms of hard law set out in the International Trade Law which recognize the protection, up to a certain degree, against the unfair competition in the globalized market such as the Article 10 bis PC included in the TRIPS and some provisions of the GATT.  Hence, it will be analysed the infraction of soft law rules against unfair competition, namely of the Social Corporate Responsibility and Compliance as a potential act of unfair competition such as a non-contractual obligation. In doing so, it could be reinforces these mechanisms with a more binding nature before the Courts, namely in international litigation against unfair competition.Keywords: unfair competition, unfair commercial practices (B2B-B2C) self-regulation, compliance, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), international market, soft law, hard law, WTO, Article 10 bis PC, GATT, TRIPs, Codes of conduct 

Self-Regulation and the Writing Process: Enhancing the Performance of Students With Language and Learning Difficulties

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Troia
Keyword(s):  
Writing Process ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Learning Difficulties ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Struggling Learners ◽  
Evidence Based Practices

Abstract This article first provides an overview of components of self-regulation in writing and specific examples of each component are given. The remainder of the article addresses common reasons why struggling learners experience trouble with revising, followed by evidence-based practices to help students revise their papers more effectively.

Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia During Sleep and Waking

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth M. Stoakley ◽  
Karen J. Mathewson ◽  
Louis A. Schmidt ◽  
Kimberly A. Cote
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Nrem Sleep ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Affective Style ◽  
Waking State ◽  
Optimal Period ◽  
The Stability

Abstract. Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is related to individual differences in waking affective style and self-regulation. However, little is known about the stability of RSA between sleep/wake stages or the relations between RSA during sleep and waking affective style. We examined resting RSA in 25 healthy undergraduates during the waking state and one night of sleep. Stability of cardiac variables across sleep/wake states was highly reliable within participants. As predicted, greater approach behavior and lower impulsivity were associated with higher RSA; these relations were evident in early night Non-REM (NREM) sleep, particularly in slow wave sleep (SWS). The current research extends previous findings by establishing stability of RSA within individuals between wake and sleep states, and by identifying SWS as an optimal period of measurement for relations between waking affective style and RSA.

Parasympathetic Concomitants of Habitual, Spontaneous, and Instructed Emotional Suppression

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmir Gračanin ◽  
Igor Kardum ◽  
Jasna Hudek-Knežević
Keyword(s):  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
Sinus Arrhythmia ◽  
Emotional Suppression ◽  
Emotion Experience ◽  
Similar Relation

Abstract. The neurovisceral integration model proposes that different forms of self-regulation, including the emotional suppression, are characterized by the activation of neural network whose workings are also reflected in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). However, most of the previous studies failed to observe theoretically expected increases in RSA during emotional suppression. Even when such effects were observed, it was not clear whether they resulted from specific task demands, a decrease in muscle activity, or they were the consequence of more specific self-control processes. We investigated the relation between habitual or trait-like suppression, spontaneous, and instructed suppression with changes in RSA during negative emotion experience. A modest positive correlation between spontaneous situational and habitual suppression was observed across two experimental tasks. Furthermore, the results showed greater RSA increase among participants who experienced higher negative affect (NA) increase and reported higher spontaneous suppression than among those with higher NA increase and lower spontaneous suppression. Importantly, this effect was independent from the habitual suppression and observable facial expressions. The results of the additional task based on experimental manipulation, rather than spontaneous use of situational suppression, indicated a similar relation between suppression and RSA. Our results consistently demonstrate that emotional suppression, especially its self-regulation component, is followed by the increase in parasympathetic activity.

From Bi-Dimensionality to Uni-Dimensionality in Self-Report Questionnaires

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarne Schmalbach ◽  
Markus Zenger ◽  
Michalis P. Michaelides ◽  
Karin Schermelleh-Engel ◽  
Andreas Hinz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Self Report ◽  
External Criterion ◽  
Common Factor Model ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Core Self

Abstract. The common factor model – by far the most widely used model for factor analysis – assumes equal item intercepts across respondents. Due to idiosyncratic ways of understanding and answering items of a questionnaire, this assumption is often violated, leading to an underestimation of model fit. Maydeu-Olivares and Coffman (2006) suggested the introduction of a random intercept into the model to address this concern. The present study applies this method to six established instruments (measuring depression, procrastination, optimism, self-esteem, core self-evaluations, and self-regulation) with ambiguous factor structures, using data from representative general population samples. In testing and comparing three alternative factor models (one-factor model, two-factor model, and one-factor model with a random intercept) and analyzing differential correlational patterns with an external criterion, we empirically demonstrate the random intercept model’s merit, and clarify the factor structure for the above-mentioned questionnaires. In sum, we recommend the random intercept model for cases in which acquiescence is suspected to affect response behavior.

I Want to Be Like You

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Matschke ◽  
Kai Sassenberg
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Identity Development ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Social Identification ◽  
Social Self ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Internal Motivation ◽  
Avoidance Strategies ◽  
Social Identity Development

Entering a new group provides the potential of forming a new social identity. Starting from self-regulation models, we propose that goals (e.g., internal motivation to enter the group), strategies (e.g., approach and avoidance strategies), and events (e.g., the group’s response) affect the development of the social self. In two studies we manipulated the group’s response (acceptance vs. rejection) and assessed internal motivation as well as approach and avoidance strategies. It was expected, and we found, that when newcomers are accepted, their use of approach strategies (but not avoidance strategies) facilitates social identification. In line with self-completion theory, for highly internally motivated individuals approach strategies facilitated social identification even upon rejection. The results underline the active role of newcomers in their social identity development.

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