Ongoing soil potassium depletion under intensive cropping in India and probable mitigation strategies. A review

2022 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Debarup Das ◽  
Jyotirmaya Sahoo ◽  
Md Basit Raza ◽  
Mandira Barman ◽  
Ruma Das
Keyword(s):  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Potassium Depletion ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Intensive Cropping

Rates of growth, potassium uptake, and changes in the potassium properties of four Queensland soils during intensive cropping by buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris

Soil Research ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC MacKay ◽  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Uptake ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Four Queensland soils were intensively cropped by buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris, in controlled environment growth rooms at three temperatures. Rates of growth (dry matter production) of tops and roots, of potassium uptake, and of changes in soil potassium properties were examined. With adequate potassium applied, growth rates for 31 weeks were nearly constant at 2.7, 2.6, 2.0, and 2.0 t/ha/week on a brigalow, grey clay, podzolic, and solodic soil, respectively. Without potassium, exchangeable potassium decreased quickly to a nearly common level on all soils, corresponding decreases occurred in the potassium content of tops and roots, and severe deficiencies with restricted yields soon resulted. Without applied potassium, moderate release of non-exchangeable potassium occurred on all soils during the first 4 weeks of cropping (0.10-0.18 m-equiv./100 g). Apparent fixation of potassium resulted in the succeeding 6-9 weeks, and, on the fine-textured soils (brigalow and grey clay) only, further slow release took place during the period of potassium deficiency when growth was slow. The overall release of non-exchangeable potassium by all four soils was small (0.02-0.16 m-equiv.1 100 g). Higher temperatures significantly increased yields of tops and roots, decreased the potassium concentration in the plants, increased the rate of depletion of exchangeable potassium, and had no effect on the release of non-exchangeable potassium. It is concluded that on these soils, particularly the solodic and podzolic, potassium deficiency will occur under intensive cropping.

Effect of potassium fertilization on soil potassium pools and rice response in an intensive cropping system in China

2011 ◽  
Vol 174 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi-chun Zhang ◽  
Guang-huo Wang ◽  
Yu-ke Feng ◽  
Peiyuan Qian ◽  
Jeff J. Schoenau
Keyword(s):  
Cropping System ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Potassium Fertilization ◽  
Intensive Cropping

Alfalfa Yield Components and Soil Potassium Depletion as Affected by Potassium Fertilization

2012 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaume Lloveras ◽  
Cristina Chocarro ◽  
Lluis Torres ◽  
Denis Viladrich ◽  
Ramon Costafreda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Components ◽  
Potassium Depletion ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Potassium Fertilization

scholarly journals Long-term straw returning improve soil K balance and potassium supplying ability under rice and wheat cultivation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyi Zhang ◽  
Dongbi Liu ◽  
Maoqian Wu ◽  
Ying Xia ◽  
Fulin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exchangeable K ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Wheat Cultivation ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
Straw Return ◽  
Potassium Supply ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
Straw Incorporation ◽  
K Fertilization

AbstractThe aims of the present study were to provide scientific bases for rational use of crop straw to substitute chemical potassium (K) input. The effects of potassium fertilization and straw incorporation on soil K balance and K supplying in a long-term (14 years) field experiment. Five treatments were examined: (1) no fertilization (CK); (2) mineral fertilizing (NPK); (3) straw 6000 kg h m−2 (S); (4) NPK with straw 3000 kg h m−2 (NPK1/2S); and (5) NPK with straw 6000 kg h m−2 (NPKS). K composition, K balance and quantity-intensity (Q/I) relationship were studied. Under no fertilization or low straw returned conditions, soil K was unbalanced and deficienct seriously. Straw return at 6000 kg h m−2 per season with fertilization improved the soil potassium supply and K balance. Long-term K surplus (4 or 5 years), compared with NPK, the NPKS significantly increased non-special K adsorption (Knsa) and non-exchangeable K (Kne) by 5.7–11.2 mg kg−1 and 65.7–128.1 mg kg−1, respectively. Q/I relationship showed cropping without straw K or without fertilizer K resulted in lower quantity (nonspecifically and specifically held K i.e. – ∆K0 and Kx) and intensity (equilibrium activity ratio i.e. CR0K) of K in tested soils. K-fertilization with straw maintain higher exchangeable K (EK0) and a higher difference between EK0 and minimum exchangeable K(EKmin), and would help to prevent depletion in non-exchangeable pool of soil K under intensive cropping. Additionally, The straw return mainly decreased potential buffering capacity for exchangeable pool (PBCKn), 43.92–48.22% of added K in soil might be converted to exchangeable pool while it was 25.67–29.19% be converted to non-exchangeable pool. The contribution of exchangeable K towards plant K uptake would be higher in the soil with straw than the soil without straw and the non-exchangeable K would be the long-term fixed K as a supplement to the potassium pool. K fertilizer with 6000 kg h m−2 straw return in each crop season increased soil available K and slowly available K. The findings underlined importance of the straw return and contribution for sustain K supplying ability of soils.

SEISMIC RISK AND RESILIENCE ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES: CASE STUDY ON A BLACK CARBON PLANT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Karagiannakis
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Industrial Plants ◽  
Plant Equipment

This paper deals with state of the art risk and resilience calculations for industrial plants. Resilience is a top priority issue on the agenda of societies due to climate change and the all-time demand for human life safety and financial robustness. Industrial plants are highly complex systems containing a considerable number of equipment such as steel storage tanks, pipe rack-piping systems, and other installations. Loss Of Containment (LOC) scenarios triggered by past earthquakes due to failure on critical components were followed by severe repercussions on the community, long recovery times and great economic losses. Hence, facility planners and emergency managers should be aware of possible seismic damages and should have already established recovery plans to maximize the resilience and minimize the losses. Seismic risk assessment is the first step of resilience calculations, as it establishes possible damage scenarios. In order to have an accurate risk analysis, the plant equipment vulnerability must be assessed; this is made feasible either from fragility databases in the literature that refer to customized equipment or through numerical calculations. Two different approaches to fragility assessment will be discussed in this paper: (i) code-based Fragility Curves (FCs); and (ii) fragility curves based on numerical models. A carbon black process plant is used as a case study in order to display the influence of various fragility curve realizations taking their effects on risk and resilience calculations into account. Additionally, a new way of representing the total resilience of industrial installations is proposed. More precisely, all possible scenarios will be endowed with their weighted recovery curves (according to their probability of occurrence) and summed together. The result is a concise graph that can help stakeholders to identify critical plant equipment and make decisions on seismic mitigation strategies for plant safety and efficiency. Finally, possible mitigation strategies, like structural health monitoring and metamaterial-based seismic shields are addressed, in order to show how future developments may enhance plant resilience. The work presented hereafter represents a highly condensed application of the research done during the XP-RESILIENCE project, while more detailed information is available on the project website https://r.unitn.it/en/dicam/xp-resilience.

Validation to Spanish version of the COVID-19 Stress Scale

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Guillermo Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Psychosocial Effects ◽  
Stress Scale ◽  
Global Consensus ◽  
Reliability Indicators ◽  
Effective Assessment

There is a global consensus about the potential of the COVID-19 pandemic to affect people's mental health. In this context, and prior to the formulation of mitigation strategies, tools are required that allow an objective and effective assessment of mental health risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristics of COVID-19 Stress Scale, formulated by Taylor et al. (2020), based on the concept of COVID-19 Stress Syndrome. A national sample of 1214 participating adults was taken in Colombia, who answered a translated version of the scale. Evidence of a hexa-dimensional structure was obtained whose goodness of fit indicators were Chi2 = 1215,759, Sig. =. 000, CMIN / DF = 2.202, RMSEA = .044, NFI = .943, TLI = .964, CFI =. 968 and FMIN = 1,967. Regarding reliability, an α = .924 and Spearman-Brown = .824 were obtained for the entire scale; the reliability indicators of the 6 subscales were also high. The similarities and differences in the findings with respect to the original psychometric study of the scale are discussed, as well as the utility and importance of the instrument as a tool in future efforts to mitigate the psychosocial effects of the pandemic.

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