Long-term straw returning improve soil K balance and potassium supplying ability under rice and wheat cultivation

AbstractThe aims of the present study were to provide scientific bases for rational use of crop straw to substitute chemical potassium (K) input. The effects of potassium fertilization and straw incorporation on soil K balance and K supplying in a long-term (14 years) field experiment. Five treatments were examined: (1) no fertilization (CK); (2) mineral fertilizing (NPK); (3) straw 6000 kg h m−2 (S); (4) NPK with straw 3000 kg h m−2 (NPK1/2S); and (5) NPK with straw 6000 kg h m−2 (NPKS). K composition, K balance and quantity-intensity (Q/I) relationship were studied. Under no fertilization or low straw returned conditions, soil K was unbalanced and deficienct seriously. Straw return at 6000 kg h m−2 per season with fertilization improved the soil potassium supply and K balance. Long-term K surplus (4 or 5 years), compared with NPK, the NPKS significantly increased non-special K adsorption (Knsa) and non-exchangeable K (Kne) by 5.7–11.2 mg kg−1 and 65.7–128.1 mg kg−1, respectively. Q/I relationship showed cropping without straw K or without fertilizer K resulted in lower quantity (nonspecifically and specifically held K i.e. – ∆K0 and Kx) and intensity (equilibrium activity ratio i.e. CR0K) of K in tested soils. K-fertilization with straw maintain higher exchangeable K (EK0) and a higher difference between EK0 and minimum exchangeable K(EKmin), and would help to prevent depletion in non-exchangeable pool of soil K under intensive cropping. Additionally, The straw return mainly decreased potential buffering capacity for exchangeable pool (PBCKn), 43.92–48.22% of added K in soil might be converted to exchangeable pool while it was 25.67–29.19% be converted to non-exchangeable pool. The contribution of exchangeable K towards plant K uptake would be higher in the soil with straw than the soil without straw and the non-exchangeable K would be the long-term fixed K as a supplement to the potassium pool. K fertilizer with 6000 kg h m−2 straw return in each crop season increased soil available K and slowly available K. The findings underlined importance of the straw return and contribution for sustain K supplying ability of soils.

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Long-term annual fertilization with nitrogen and potassium affect yield and mineral composition of 'Fuji' apple

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162009000300013 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 377-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Gilberto Nava ◽

Antonio Roque Dechen

Keyword(s):

Mineral Composition ◽

Fruit Size ◽

N Fertilization ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

Fuji Apple ◽

The Mean ◽

K Concentration ◽

Fertilizer Rates ◽

K Fertilization

Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are closely related to orchard productivity, since they are usually found in higher concentrations than others macronutrients in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh) fruits. This research was carried out to assess the effect of eight years of soil additions of N and K on yield, fruit size and mineral composition of 'Fuji'/Marubakaido apple in São Joaquim, State of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. A factorial design was used with N and K annual fertilizer rates (0, 50, 100, 200 kg ha-1 of N and K2O) replicated in three orchards from 1998 to 2006. Yield was estimated by multiplying the total number of fruit per tree by the mean weight of 100 randomly sampled fruit. Fifteen days prior to harvest, 24 fruit pulps were analyzed for N, K, Ca and Mg contents. Increases in yields were noticed in five and four years, due to the N and K fertilizer additions, respectively. Fruit size was more affected by K than by N fertilization. Fruit mineral composition was affected by both N and K fertilization. N concentration and N:Ca ratios were enlarged by N fertilization. K concentration and K:Ca ratios were also enlarged by K fertilization. Ca fruit concentration was reduced by N fertilization and often by K. Ca-related fruit disorders were not observed even after 180 days storage. However, N and K fertilization affected Ca nutrition. Thus, when fertilizing with N and K, it is imperative to use combined practices in order to offset the detrimental effect that these nutrients may cause on Ca concentration in the fruit.

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Potassium in soils under different cropping systems: 3. Non-exchangeable potassium in soils from long-term experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600052734 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 513-524 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

T. M. Addiscott ◽

A. E. Johnston

Keyword(s):

Cropping Systems ◽

K Uptake ◽

Clay Particles ◽

Exchangeable K ◽

Drying And Rewetting ◽

Long Term Experiments ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

Percentage Release ◽

Clay Percentage

SUMMARYSoils from long-term experiments at Rothamsted and Woburn were cropped for very long periods (up to 5½ years) with ryegrass in pots. Measurements of the potassium taken up by the ryegrass that was not exchangeable to ammonium acetate and the kinetics of its release both suggested two categories of non-exchangeable K. Of these, the first to be released was closely related to the initial exchangeable K, whilst the second, though partly related to the initial exchangeable K was also influenced by the clay percentage. Release of both categories may have been controlled by diffusion, because both showed good relationships between the quantity released and time. It is suggested that the first category may be K ‘trapped’ when K fertilizer added in the field decreased the interlamellar spaces of vermiculite layers in clay particles, whilst the second may simply be the ‘native’ K (described by others) present in clay and other minerals in the soil.Resowing the soils (without drying them) during the later stages of K. uptake suggested that the ability of the old ryegrass to absorb K was not a factor limiting K uptake even after long growth.When the ryegrass ceased to grow, the mean K potentials in the exhausted soils were close to the ‘uptake potential’ for ryegrass derived earlier by considering K uptakes from soils in relation to the quantity/potential relationships of the soils. Drying and rewetting the exhausted soils released K; the amount was influenced in one group of soils by the exchangeable K in the moist exhausted soil and in another group by the clay percentage.

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Potassium Supplying Power of the Major Upland Inceptisols of Puerto Rico

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v64i1.10243 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 64 (1) ◽

pp. 9-28

Author(s):

Fernando Abruña

Keyword(s):

Puerto Rico ◽

Long Range ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Pot Experiment ◽

First Year ◽

Moisture Regime ◽

Exchangeable K ◽

Intensive Cropping ◽

K Release

Capacity of the nine most extensive upland Inceptisols of Puerto Rico to supply potassium (K) was determined through intensive cropping in pots with Pangola grass during 4 consecutive years. In addition, field experiments were conducted on two of these soils, Mucara and Pandura, for comparison. Seven of the lnceptisols tested formed under a udic moisture regime. They supplied an average of 279/kg of K/ha to Pangola grass during the first year, and then dropped to 110, 114, and 93 kg/ha for the second, third and fourth years, respectively. The average of 106 kg/ha for the last 3 years probably represents the long term capacity of this group to supply K to plants. The amount of K released by Mucara and Pandura soils (both udic lnceptisols) in the field experiments agreed fairly well with values obtained in the pot experiments. Two of the lnceptisols tested formed under a ustic moisture regime released and average of 507 kg of K/ha during the first year, and then 254, 233, and 140 kg/ha the last 3 years. The average K release per year for the last 3 years was 209 kg/ha. However, the long range K supplying capacity of these soils is probably lower than this value. The exchangeable K values obtained at the beginning of the pot experiment were significantly correlated with the amount of K extracted by Pangola grass during the first year of cropping in pots, whereas the HN03-soluble K values were correlated with the average release of K during the last 3 cropping years.

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Long-term potash application and wheat straw return reduced soil potassium fixation and affected crop yields in North China

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems ◽

10.1007/s10705-017-9843-0 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 108 (2) ◽

pp. 121-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Deshui Tan ◽

Zhaohui Liu ◽

Lihua Jiang ◽

Jiafa Luo ◽

Jie Li

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

North China ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Potassium Fixation ◽

Soil Potassium ◽

Straw Return

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Effects of Long-Term Straw Management and Potassium Fertilization on Crop Yield, Soil Properties and Microbial Community in a Rice–Oilseed Rape Rotation

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11121233 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1233

Author(s):

Jifu Li ◽

Guoyu Gan ◽

Xi Chen ◽

Jialong Zou

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Crop Yield ◽

Oilseed Rape ◽

Relative Abundance ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Crop Straw ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

Straw Incorporation

The present study aims to assess the influences of long-term crop straw returning and recommended potassium fertilization on the dynamic change in rice and oilseed rape yield, soil properties, bacterial and fungal alpha diversity, and community composition in a rice–oilseed rape system. A long-term (2011–2020) field experiment was carried out in a selected paddy soil farmland in Jianghan Plain, central China. There were four treatments with three replications: NP, NPK, NPS, and NPKS, where nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), potassium (K), and (S) denote N fertilizer, P fertilizer, K fertilizer, and crop straw, respectively. Results showed that long-term K fertilization and crop straw returning could increase the crop yield at varying degrees for ten years. Compared with the NP treatment, the long-term crop straw incorporation with K fertilizer (NPKS treatment) was found to have the best effect, and the yield rates increased by 23.0% and 20.5% for rice and oilseed rape, respectively. The application of NPK fertilizer for ten years decreased the bacterial and fungal alpha diversity and the relative abundance of dominant bacterial and fungal taxa, whereas continuous straw incorporation had a contradictory effect. NPKS treatment significantly increased the relative abundance of some copiotrophic bacteria (Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria) and fungi (Ascomycota). Available K, soil organic matter, dissolved organic carbon, and easily oxidized organic carbon were closely related to alterations in the composition of the dominant bacterial community; easily oxidized organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and slowly available K were significantly correlated with the fungal community. We conclude that long-term crop straw returning to the field accompanied with K fertilizer should be employed in rice-growing regions to achieve not only higher crop yield but also the increase in soil active organic carbon and available K content and the improvement of the biological quality of farmland.

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Potassium availability in a hapludalf soil under long term fertilization

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832010000300020 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 783-791 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

João Kaminski ◽

Diovane Freire Moterle ◽

Danilo dos Santos Rheinheimer ◽

Luciano Colpo Gatiboni ◽

Gustavo Brunetto

Keyword(s):

Plant Nutrition ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Critical Level ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Exchangeable K ◽

Second Year ◽

Set Up ◽

Santa Maria ◽

K Fertilization

In a system in which fertilization is recommended, diagnosis of soil K availability and the establishment of critical levels are made difficult by the possibility of a contribution of non-exchangeable forms of K for plant nutrition. Due to its magnitude, this contribution is well diagnosed in long term experiments and in those which compare fertilization systems with positive and negative balances in terms of replacement of the K extracted by plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate K availability in a Hapludalf under fertilization for sixteen years with the addition of K doses. The study was undertaken in an experiment set up in 1991 and carried out until 2007 in the experimental area of the Soil Department of the Federal University of Santa Maria (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM), in Santa Maria (RS), Brazil. The soil was a Typic Hapludalf submitted to four doses of K (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 K2O) and subdivided in the second year, when 60 kg ha-1 of K2O were reapplied in the subplots in 0, 1, 2 and 3 times. As of the fifth year, the procedure was repeated. Grain yield above ground dry matter and total K content contained in the plant tissue were evaluated. Soil samples were collected, oven dried, ground, passed through a sieve and submitted to exchangeable K analysis by the Mehlich-1 extractor; non-exchangeable K by boiling HNO3 1 mol L-1 and total K by HF digestion. Potassium fertilization guidelines should foresee the establishment of a critical level as of which the recommended dose should accompany crop needs, which coincides with the quantity exported by the grain, without there being the need for the creation of broad ranges of K availability to predict K fertilization. In adopting the K fertilization recommendations proposed in this manner, there will not be K translocation in the soil profile.

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Potassium depletion under long-term fertilization in a semi-arid soil in India

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600075109 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 115 (2) ◽

pp. 173-178 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. B. Mittal ◽

Raghbir Singh ◽

S. C. Mehta ◽

Mahendra Singh

Keyword(s):

Pearl Millet ◽

Energy Exchange ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Exchangeable K ◽

Potassium Supply ◽

Test Soil ◽

Fixation Capacity ◽

System Inclusion ◽

Soil K Status

SUMMARYIn 12-year (1975–87) fertilizer trial on a pearl millet-wheat rotation, there were no responses to applied K and exchangeable K decreased from 620 to 200 kg/ha. In spite of progressively diminishing exchangeable K, removal of K by crops was independent of soil K status, indicating that exchangeable K had no relation to K uptake in this soil. Thus, nonexchangeable K made a major contribution to plant K, up to 90% in untreated plots and > 70% in K-treated plots. A significant (r = -·708) relationship between nonexchangeable K and K fixation capacity was found. Nonexchangeable K was also significantly but negatively correlated (r = -0·583) with free energy exchange (ΔGr). Potassium supply values, expressed by pK-½p (Ca + Mg), were positively and significantly correlated with K removal by crops in 1987 and with the K saturation values of the exchange phase, so that both these measures can be successfully used to test soil K availability. The results of this study suggested that on this soil, under a pearl millet-wheat crop system, inclusion of K in the fertilizer programme may soon be needed.

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POTASSIUM STATUS OF A DARK BROWN CHERNOZEM SOIL AFTER SIXTY-SIX YEARS OF CROPPING UNDER IRRIGATION

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/cjss81-045 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 409-415 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

S. DUBETZ ◽

M. J. DUDAS

Keyword(s):

Crop Yields ◽

Parent Material ◽

Chernozem Soil ◽

Critical Levels ◽

Appreciable Change ◽

Exchangeable K ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

Intensive Cropping

An irrigated rotation has supported high crop yields for 66 yr without the benefit of K fertilizer because of the relatively high total K status (14 392 ppm in the 0- to 15-cm layer and 11 183 ppm in the 15-to 30-cm layer) of the soil. This K status, under native conditions, was due to the nature of the parent material, biocycling and minimal leaching. After two-thirds of a century of intensive cropping, the exchangeable K was reduced by 28% in the 0- to 15-cm layer. Extractable K (NaTPB method) decreased progressively from 2023 ppm in the 0- to 15-cm layer to 1368 ppm in the 45- to 60-cm layer in the native sod soil but there was no appreciable change in levels of NaTPB-K in the cropped soil. Apparently, some of the readily extractable K. from micaceous minerals or feldspars, or both, was converted to exchangeable K as the latter pool was depleted through continued cropping. Critical levels of exchangeable and extractable K have not yet been reached.

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Changes in potassium pools in Paraná soils under successive cropping and potassium fertilization

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n6sup2p4083 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (6Supl2) ◽

pp. 4083

Author(s):

Fabio Steiner ◽

Maria Do Carmo Lana ◽

Tiago Zoz ◽

Jucenei Fernando Frandoloso

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Equilibrium ◽

Continuous Process ◽

Parent Material ◽

Exchangeable K ◽

Soil Weathering ◽

Soil Potassium ◽

Potassium Fertilization ◽

Wide Range ◽

K Fertilizer ◽

K Concentration

The changes in soil potassium pools under intense cropping and fertilized with potash fertilizer are still little known to the soils of Paraná State. The effects of potassium fertilization and successive cropping on changes in K pools in different soils of Paraná, Brazil, were investigated in this study. Twelve soil samples, collected from the upper layer 0–0.20 m, were fertilized or not with K and subjected to six successive cropping (i.e., soybean, pearl millet, wheat, common beans, soybean and maize). All the crops were grown for 45 days, and at the end of the second, fourth and sixth cropping, the soil from each pot was sampled to determination of the total K, non-exchangeable K, exchangeable K and solution K. The result showed that the soil potassium pools varied widely. Total K concentration ranged from 547 to 15,563 mg kg–1 (4,714 mg kg–1, on average). On the average, structural K, non-exchangeable K, exchangeable K and solution K of the soils constituted 84.0, 11.3, 4.6 and 0.1% of the total K, respectively. Soils differ in the ability to supply potassium to the plants in the short to medium term, due to the wide range of parent material and the degree of soil weathering. When the soils were not fertilized with K, the successive cropping of plants resulted in a continuous process of depletion of non-exchangeable K and exchangeable K pools; however, this depletion was less pronounced in soils with higher potential buffer capacity of K. The concentrations of K non-exchangeable and exchangeable K were increased with the addition of potassium fertilizers, indicating the occurrence of K fixation in soil. After the second cropping, the soil exchangeable K levels remained constant with values of 141 and 36 mg kg–1, respectively, with and without the addition of K fertilizer, reflecting in establishing of a new dynamic equilibrium of K in the soil.

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