Rates of growth, potassium uptake, and changes in the potassium properties of four Queensland soils during intensive cropping by buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris

Soil Research ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 217 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC MacKay ◽  
JS Russell
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Uptake ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Four Queensland soils were intensively cropped by buffel grass, Cenchrus ciliaris, in controlled environment growth rooms at three temperatures. Rates of growth (dry matter production) of tops and roots, of potassium uptake, and of changes in soil potassium properties were examined. With adequate potassium applied, growth rates for 31 weeks were nearly constant at 2.7, 2.6, 2.0, and 2.0 t/ha/week on a brigalow, grey clay, podzolic, and solodic soil, respectively. Without potassium, exchangeable potassium decreased quickly to a nearly common level on all soils, corresponding decreases occurred in the potassium content of tops and roots, and severe deficiencies with restricted yields soon resulted. Without applied potassium, moderate release of non-exchangeable potassium occurred on all soils during the first 4 weeks of cropping (0.10-0.18 m-equiv./100 g). Apparent fixation of potassium resulted in the succeeding 6-9 weeks, and, on the fine-textured soils (brigalow and grey clay) only, further slow release took place during the period of potassium deficiency when growth was slow. The overall release of non-exchangeable potassium by all four soils was small (0.02-0.16 m-equiv.1 100 g). Higher temperatures significantly increased yields of tops and roots, decreased the potassium concentration in the plants, increased the rate of depletion of exchangeable potassium, and had no effect on the release of non-exchangeable potassium. It is concluded that on these soils, particularly the solodic and podzolic, potassium deficiency will occur under intensive cropping.

The use of chemical extractions and continuous cropping to measure the potassium status of soils

1978 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1247 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Graley
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Critical Level ◽  
Potassium Uptake ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Chemical Extractions ◽  
Plant Yields ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Soil Groups

Soil potassium, measured by simple chemical extractions, was compared with potassium availability assessed during continuous cropping of perennial ryegrass in pots, on 12 surface soils representing four Tasmanian soil groups. For three soil groups with mainly kaolinitic clay, potassium uptake by the plant (the main measure of potassium availability) was related to a decrease in the potassium extracted from the soil by boiling lM nitric acid during the experiment. The decrease in soil potassium extracted by repeated nitric acid digestions averaged 95% of the total potassium uptake. However, a large and rapid uptake from the illitic yellow podzolics was only partly assessable by chemical extractions. For all soils, much of the large amount of potassium taken up early was stored in the plant roots and transferred to the tops much later. Plant yields were related to exchangeable potassium only within soil groups; over most soils they were related to nitric acid-soluble potassium. Yield responses to added potassium usually occurred when exchangeable potassium became depleted to a critical level of 0.2–0.25 m-equiv./100 g or nitric acid-soluble potassium to 0.4–0.7 m-equiv./100 g. The critical level of potassium in ryegrass tops was 0.5–0.8%. On average nearly two-thirds of the potassium released from soils came from exchangeable sources. Potassium initially non-exchangeable was differentiated into quickly released 'intermediate' potassium and slowly released 'constant rate' potassium. Release of intermediate potassium predominated from the yellow podzolics and from one non-calcic brown soil with much randomly interstratified material in its clay.

The Potassium Status of Soils in the Savanna Zone of Nigeria

1971 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Wild
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Low Potassium ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
Buffer Capacities ◽  
Total Potassium ◽  
Savanna Zone

SUMMARYThirty one soils from the Savanna Zone of Nigeria were low in exchangeable potassium, ΔK°, and ΔK°° and had very low potassium buffer capacities. The soils were low in clay, which was kaolinitic. Two soils high in 2:1 layer clay minerals contained higher quantities of labile potassium. Total potassium varied with parent material. Release of non-exchangeable potassium was low. After cropping, wet/dry cycles released exchangeable potassium. Potassium deficiency is expected to occur commonly with intensive cropping in the field.

Studies on soil potassium. II. The Q/I relation and other parameters compared with plant uptake of potassium

Soil Research ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
IF Fergus ◽  
AE Martin ◽  
IP Little ◽  
KP Haydock
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Clay Fraction ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Potassium Uptake ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Setaria Sphacelata ◽  
Total Potassium ◽  
Equilibrium Activity

Setaria (Setaria sphacelata cv. Nandi) was grown in 10 surface soils, of contrasting properties, in pots until (after repeated harvesting of tops) plant growth virtually ceased. Uptake of potassium by tops and roots was correlated with change in exchangeable potassium during cropping, initial exchangeable potassium, and with quantities of potassium predicted from the immediate Q/I relations of the soils. Some initially non-exchangeable potassium was absorbed from seven of the soils by the plants, such that these soil quantity parameters (which were statistically equivalent) predicted two-thirds of the total potassium uptake averaged over all soils. Potassium uptake was also correlated with soil potassium soluble in constant-boiling hydrochloric acid, and with potassium extracted by a cation exchange resin (both of which predicted about twice the plant absorption). For six of the soils, uptake of initially non-exchangeable potassium was correlated with the quantity of total potassium present in each pot in the 1 0 . 1 pm clay fraction. The intensity of soil potassium (measured in dilute calcium chloride solution from the immediate Q/I relation) was reduced on all soils by exhaustive cropping to a mean value for the equilibrium activity ratio (AR0) of 4.7 10-4 mole1/2 L.-1/2 (�G = -4500 cal equiv.-1); it was suggested that the observed variations in this value were unlikely to prohibit its use for practical soil testing, except for the prediction of the quantity parameter for those soils for which the form of the isotherm is altered by cropping. A tentative value for the potential of soil potassium at which setaria has an adequate average potassium concentration in its tops was - 3600 cal equiv.-1 (AR0 2.1 x 10-4 mole1/2 L.-1/2).

Silicon alleviates salt stress-induced potassium deficiency by promoting potassium uptake and translocation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 258-259 ◽  
pp. 153379
Author(s):  
Guochao Yan ◽  
Xiaoping Fan ◽  
Wanning Zheng ◽  
Zixiang Gao ◽  
Chang Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Potassium Deficiency ◽  
Potassium Uptake

The influence of buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) on biodiversity in an arid Australian landscape

2009 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Smyth ◽  
M. Friedel ◽  
C. O'Malley
Keyword(s):  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Cenchrus Ciliaris ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Buffel Grass ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Environmental Weed ◽  
Grazing Lands ◽  
Land Types

Buffel grass [Cenchrus ciliaris L. syn. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] is an exotic species that has been widely planted in Australian arid and semi-arid grazing lands, and has become an important resource for livestock. It establishes readily and has expanded into such a diversity of land types beyond grazing lands that it is also regarded as a serious environmental weed. Although there is an abundance of literature on the production benefits of buffel grass, there is relatively little about its influence on native flora and fauna in arid Australia, particularly when its cover levels are low. This study attempted to clarify the influence of buffel grass and environmental patterns on the occurrence of ground vegetation, birds, reptiles and ants in a gneissic hill habitat in central Australia where buffel grass has encroached. Despite poor conditions for growth, we were able to distinguish the influence of buffel grass from that of other variables like overstorey cover, soil pH, fire and transect orientation. Cover of buffel grass did not exceed ~20% but it still accounted for a small amount of the variation in the composition of ground vegetation and birds, and of the ‘ground-dwelling’ bird guild and the ‘hot climate specialist’ functional group of ants. There were insufficient reptiles for analysis. We conclude that, even when cover is low, buffel grass can have a detectable influence on some aspects of community dynamics. Given the evidence from published literature and from this study, we expect the influence of buffel grass on the diversity of native flora and fauna to increase, particularly if buffel grass expands into land types previously thought unsuited to its environmental needs.

scholarly journals Forms and Dynamics of Soil Potassium in Acid Soil in the Wolaita Zone of Southern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesfin Kassa ◽  
Wassie Haile ◽  
fassile kebede
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Land Use Type ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
Crop Land ◽  
Land Use Types

Quantity-intensity characteristics are among conventional approaches for studying potassium dynamics and its availability; this was assessed to determine availability in four districts: namely, Sodo Zuria, Damot Gale, Damot Sore, and Boloso Sore at three different land use type viz., enset-coffee, crop land, and grazing land. There was water soluble, ammonium acetate, nitric acid extractable potassium, exchangeable potassium, and non-exchangeable potassium studied in soil samples, which were collected from 0-20 cm depth of each land type. The study revealed that water soluble and ammonium acetate extractable potassium concentrations ranged from 0.04 to 0.42 cmolKg-1 soils enset-coffee and grazing land use types, respectively. The study showed that exchangeable potassium constituted the highest proportion of available potassium, while the proportion of water soluble potassium was found to be the lowest. In this study, non-exchangeable potassium concentrations varied from 0.10 to 0.04cmolKg-1soils for enset-coffee, and crop and grazing land use type. Furthermore, available potassium and exchangeable potassium concentrations were positively correlated with OC(r=0.95***), cation exchange capacity, and sand and clay(r=0.98***). In addition, the K dynamics as impacted by land use types found that the highest change in exchangeable potassium (0.31cmolkg-1soils) and potential buffering capacity (1.79cmolkg-1soils) were noted in crop land use types, whereas the lowest change(1.26cmolkg-1 soils) was observed in the enset-coffee system, The varying properties, potassium status, dynamic and land use type of soils identified in the study areas provided adequate information to design soil potassium management options and further research about the soil in each site. Therefore, application of site specific soil fertility management practices and research can improve soil potassium status and quantity intensity parameters to sustain crop productive soils.

Seedling growth of summer-dormant and non-dormant ryegrasses in relation to temperature

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
JH Silsbury
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Matter Production

Lolium rigidum Gaud. and a summer-dormant and a non-dormant form of Lolium perenne L. were grown as seedling plants for 32 days in controlled environment cabinets at constant temperatures of either 10, 20, or 30°C and in all cases with a 16-hr photoperiod at a light intensity of 3600 lm ft-2. Sampling at 4-day intervals permitted the detailed examination of dry matter growth curves. Differences in total dry matter production were related to initial differences in seedling dry weight, and the general responses to temperature were similar for each ryegrass. Total dry matter production was greatest at 20°C and lowest at 10°. A temperature of 30° did not induce dormancy in the summer-dormant ryegrass but did depress growth. Relative growth rate fell with time at each temperature.

RELEASE OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE SOIL POTASSIUM BY RESIN-EQUILIBRATION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR CROP GROWTH

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Barber ◽  
B. C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Quadratic Regression ◽  
Potassium Fertilizer ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Soil Potassium ◽  
The Difference

The non-exchangeable potassium released by soil after equilibration with cation-exchange resin was determined by extraction of the mixture with neutral ammonium acetate at room temperature and compared with a similar extraction in the absence of resin. The difference obtained following a 2-day equilibration period was called moderately-available potassium.Simple linear regression of yield on exchangeable potassium or exchangeable plus moderately-available potassium accounted for only 16 and 27 per cent respectively of the variability in yield response of corn, wheat, oats and potatoes to potassium fertilizer in the field. Multiple linear regression of yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 37 per cent of the variation in crop response; but a multiple quadratic regression of Log (100-per cent yield) on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for an average of 56 per cent of the variability in Log (100-per cent yield). Multiple quadratic regression of absolute yield or per cent yield on exchangeable and moderately-available potassium accounted for 46 and 50 per cent, respectively, of the variability in crop response to potassium fertilizer.

RATE OF RELEASE OF NON-EXCHANGEABLE POTASSIUM BY ONTARIO SOILS IN RELATION TO NATURAL SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

1958 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. B. McEwen ◽  
B. C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
Exchangeable Potassium ◽  
Fertilizer Requirement ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
Power Measurements

The rate of release of non-exchangeable potassium, i.e. potassium-supplying power, of 41 Ontario soils was measured by a continuous percolation procedure. It was found that clay content of the soil was the predominant factor affecting potassium-supplying power (r = 0.978). Potassium fertilization or intensive cropping of the soil caused no change in the potassium-supplying power of the soil. As potassium-supplying power was found to be a constant characteristic of soil and not a function of previous management, potassium-supplying power measurements should not be necessary in routine soil testing. Knowledge of potassium-supplying power can be deduced from particle size distribution. Because soils of different texture have different potassium-supplying power, the interpretation of measured exchangeable potassium in terms of fertilizer requirement will be different for soils of different textural class.

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