Abstract
Objectives
To examine the association of timing of the first and last energy intake (EI) during a day, and number of eating episodes (EEs) with the elevated blood pressure in a representative sample of Taiwanese adults.
Methods
The data was based on Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2013–2016, which used a multi-stage, stratified clustering sampling scheme. Adults aged 19 years and with complete data of EEs and blood pressure were included (n = 3052). One-day 24-hour dietary recall data was used to define timing of the first and last EI during a day and number of EEs. EEs were defined as events that were separated 15 min between other EEs and we only counted EEs 50 kcal. Timings of the first and the last EI were defined as the earliest EE after midnight and the last EE before midnight, respectively. Elevated blood pressure was defined as systolic/diastolic blood pressure 130/85 mmHg. Logistic regression was used to examine the association of timing of the first and last EI during a day, number of EEs, with elevated blood pressure, adjusted for age, sex, educational level, employment status, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, sleep duration, sedentary time, total EI, specific food frequency, intention to lose weight, weekday or weekend, season, history of hypertension and medication, and the other two aspects of dietary time.
Results
As timing of the first EI was later, odds of elevated blood pressure was lower, compared with the first quartile group. (Q3: OR = 0.71[0.52–0.96], Q4: OR = 0.44[0.32–0.61]) Likewise, as timing of the last EI was later, odds of elevated blood pressure was also lower, compared with the first quartile group. (Q2: OR = 0.67[0.48–0.93], Q3: OR = 0.61[0.45–0.84], Q4: OR = 0.42[0.32–0.56]) More EEs were associated with lower odds of elevated blood pressure. (Q3: OR = 0.72[0.56–0.93], Q4: OR = 0.61[0.44–0.83]) Although the results were similar after adjustment for history of hypertension and medication, these significant findings vanished after models were adjusted for the other aspects of dietary time.
Conclusions
Later time of the first and last EI and fewer EEs were associated with lower odds of elevated blood pressure. The results of cross-sectional survey may still need further researches to support.
Funding Sources
Taiwan MOST
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