The effect of local application of homocysteine on neuronal activity in the central nervous system of the rat

Life Sciences ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 31 (24) ◽  
pp. 2683-2691 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.E. Wuerthele ◽  
R.P. Yasuda ◽  
W.J. Freed ◽  
B.J. Hoffer
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Local Application ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Social Experience-Dependent Myelination: An Implication for Psychiatric Disorders

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michihiro Toritsuka ◽  
Manabu Makinodan ◽  
Toshifumi Kishimoto
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Conduction Velocity ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Extracellular Molecules ◽  
Activity Dependent

Myelination is one of the strategies to promote the conduction velocity of axons in order to adjust to evolving environment in vertebrates. It has been shown that myelin formation depends on genetic programing and experience, including multiple factors, intracellular and extracellular molecules, and neuronal activities. Recently, accumulating studies have shown that myelination in the central nervous system changes more dynamically in response to neuronal activities and experience than expected. Among experiences, social experience-dependent myelination draws attention as one of the critical pathobiologies of psychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms of neuronal activity-dependent and social experience-dependent myelination and discuss the contribution of social experience-dependent myelination to the pathology of psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Potassium Activity Measurements in the Microenvironment of the Central Nervous System of an Insect

1987 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-227
Author(s):  
C. H. HENDY ◽  
M. B. A. DJAMGOZ
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Activity Measurements ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
K Concentration

The activity of K+ and the control of influx of + into the extracellular space (micro-environment) of the central nervous system of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, were measured directly with K+-sensitive microelectrodes. Using an in vivo preparation, it was possible to follow the effects of changes in K+ concentration in the medium bathing the nervous system on extracellular K+ and spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity. For bath K+ levels less than 31 mmoll−1, roughly corresponding to maximal haemolymph level in natural physiological conditions, the blood-brain barrier was found to be suitably efficient in restricting the influx of K+ and thereby allowing normal neural activity. At an external K+ concentration of 100 mmoll−1, however, the system was unable to maintain a sufficiently low extracellular K+ concentration and neuronal activity was suppressed. Influx of K+ from the external medium into the micro-environment occurred mainly in two phases. The early phase had a fast time course and probably reflects the physical aspects of the blood-brain barrier. The later, second phase was a slower process possibly corresponding to activation of metabolic ion pumps. The time courses of the functioning of these two systems and their control of the extraaxonal K+ activity are also discussed.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Emigration of neutrophils in the central nervous system

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 788-789
Author(s):  
John L.Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener ◽  
Wanda Miller ◽  
Jane Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Arterial Perfusion ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intracisternal Injection ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
Interendothelial Junctions

Studies using mesenteric and ear chamber preparations have shown that interendothelial junctions provide the route for neutrophil emigration during inflammation. The term emigration refers to the passage of white blood cells across the endothelium from the vascular lumen. Although the precise pathway of transendo- thelial emigration in the central nervous system (CNS) has not been resolved, the presence of different physiological and morphological (tight junctions) properties of CNS endothelium may dictate alternate emigration pathways.To study neutrophil emigration in the CNS, we induced meningitis in guinea pigs by intracisternal injection of E. coli bacteria.In this model, leptomeningeal inflammation is well developed by 3 hr. After 3 1/2 hr, animals were sacrificed by arterial perfusion with 3% phosphate buffered glutaraldehyde. Tissues from brain and spinal cord were post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in alcohols and propylene oxide, and embedded in Epon. Thin serial sections were cut with diamond knives and examined in a Philips 300 electron microscope.

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