Paleoenvironments and Cultural Diversity in Late Pleistocene South America

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan L. Bryan
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Middle Paleolithic ◽  
South American ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Old World ◽  
Early American

AbstractAfter a summary assessment of certain selected early man sites in various parts of America, the environment of the Venezuelan coastal plain is discussed in order to evaluate the stratigraphy and radiometric dating of the Taima-Taima site, near Coro, Venezuela, where mammals, many now extinct, were killed by people making El Jobo points about 13,000 years ago.Potentially important areas in Peru, Chile and Brazil are mentioned. Certain problems in the models and interpretation of South American paleoclimates are pointed out.The presence of at least four different bifacially flaked stone projectile point traditions in widely separated and environmentally diverse parts of America between 11,000 and 13,000 yr ago suggests that the immediate cultural antecedents of these traditions were essentially independent of one another. From this it is argued that several early American flaked-stone point traditions developed indigenously in America from technological bases which were present in the Old World Middle Paleolithic.

Redating Fell's Cave, Chile and the Chronological Placement of the Fishtail Projectile Point

2015 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Waters ◽  
Thomas Amorosi ◽  
Thomas W. Stafford
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Southern Cone ◽  
South American ◽  
Before Present ◽  
Projectile Point ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Point Type

Fell's Cave lies near the Magellan Straits of South America's Southern Cone. This was the first site to provide evidence of a late Pleistocene occupation of South America, and it is the site where the Fishtail projectile point type was defined. Previous radiocarbon ages from Fell's Cave on charcoal samples from three hearths in the late Pleistocene artifact-bearing levels yielded dates ranging from ca. 11,000 to 10,100 radiocarbon years before present. New radiocarbon dates on curated charcoal samples from these same hearths yield revised ages of ca. 10,800 to 10,400 radiocarbon years before present. These new dates from Fell's Cave agree well with ages from other South American sites in the Southern Cone with Fishtail points and show that the Fishtail projectile point was made from ca. 10,850 to 10,300 radiocarbon years before present or ca. 12,800 to 12,100 calibrated years before present.

scholarly journals Late Pleistocene echimyid rodents (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from northern Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 829-845 ◽  
Author(s):  
THAIS M.F. FERREIRA ◽  
ADRIANA ITATI OLIVARES ◽  
LEONARDO KERBER ◽  
RODRIGO P. DUTRA ◽  
LEONARDO S. AVILLA
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
South American ◽  
Squamate Reptiles ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Northern South America ◽  
First Time

ABSTRACT Echimyidae (spiny rats, tree rats and the coypu) is the most diverse family of extant South American hystricognath rodents (caviomorphs). Today, they live in tropical forests (Amazonian, coastal and Andean forests), occasionally in more open xeric habitats in the Cerrado and Caatinga of northern South America, and open areas across the southern portion of the continent (Myocastor). The Quaternary fossil record of this family remains poorly studied. Here, we describe the fossil echimyids found in karst deposits from southern Tocantins, northern Brazil. The analyzed specimens are assigned to Thrichomys sp., Makalata cf. didelphoides and Proechimys sp. This is the first time that a fossil of Makalata is reported. The Pleistocene record of echimyids from this area is represented by fragmentary remains, which hinders their determination at specific levels. The data reported here contributes to the understanding of the ancient diversity of rodents of this region, evidenced until now in other groups, such as the artiodactyls, cingulates, carnivores, marsupials, and squamate reptiles.

scholarly journals Distributional patterns of herbivore megamammals during the Late Pleistocene of South America

2013 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
VALERIA GALLO ◽  
LEONARDO S. AVILLA ◽  
RODRIGO C.L. PEREIRA ◽  
BRUNO A. ABSOLON
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
South American ◽  
Biogeographic Provinces ◽  
Distributional Patterns ◽  
Track Analysis

The geographic distribution of 27 species of the South American megafauna of herbivore mammals during the Late Pleistocene was analyzed in order to identify their distributional patterns. The distribution of the species was studied using the panbiogeographical method of track analysis. Six generalized tracks (GTs) and two biogeographic nodes were obtained. The GTs did not completely superpose with the areas of open savanna present in Pleistocene, nor with the biotic tracks of some arthropods typical of arid climate, indicating that these animals avoided arid environment. Overall, the GTs coincided with some biogeographic provinces defined on the basis of living taxa, indicating that certain current distributional patterns already existed in Pleistocene. The biogeographic nodes coincided with the borders between the main vegetal formations of the Pleistocene, showing that the type of vegetation had great influence in the distribution of the mammalian megafauna. The node 1 confirmed the existence of contact zones between paleobiogeographic regions near Argentina-Uruguay border. The node 2 connects the Brazilian Intertropical regions.

Mammalian faunal dynamics of the great American interchange

Paleobiology ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. David Webb
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Important Change ◽  
South American ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Land Mammal

The American interchange of land mammals reached its acme during the late Blancan and early Irvingtonian in North America and during the Chapadmalalan and Uquian in South America. It lasted about two million years and included taxa adapted to diverse habitats. It was preceded in the early Hemphillian in North America and the Huayquerian in South America by the interchange of a few heralding genera. The MacArthur-Wilson faunal equilibrium hypothesis correctly predicts a marked increase in originations, number of genera, and turnover rate for the South American fauna during the peak of the interchange. Subsequent further increases were not so predicted but closely resemble patterns also observed in late Pleistocene land mammals of Europe and North America. The continued increase in South American land mammal genera after the interchange had largely ceased resulted principally from autochthonous evolution of northern immigrant stocks. A marked decrease in South American ungulate genera (from thirteen to three) coincided with the appearance of fourteen northern ungulate genera and therefore appears to be a replacement phenomenon. The area/diversity relationship predicts no important change in generic diversity if a maximum of only nine percent of North America is occupied by the interamerican mingled fauna. At the family level, however, diversity is seriously overestimated due to the nomenclatural artifact of increased relative diversity by filtering.

Latin American Anglicanism in the Twentieth Century

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Kater
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
South America ◽  
Liberation Theology ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
American Identity ◽  
South American ◽  
Early American ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Early Establishment

This chapter examines the early establishment of Anglican Christianity in Central and South America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, through Church of England chaplaincies, the South American Missionary Society, and early American missionary activity. It traces the work of Evangelical missionaries among native peoples and the complex emergence in the twentieth century of autonomous churches in the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, the Central Region of America, Mexico, Brazil, and the Southern Cone of South America. It examines the emergence of a nascent Latin American identity among Anglicans as well as the effects of racism, widespread military dictatorships, liberation theology, and globalization on the inculturation of Anglicanism in Latin American contexts.

Present and Potential Role of South American Camelids in the High Andes

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julio Sumar
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
South American ◽  
Old World ◽  
South American Camelids

Camels are commonly identified with the Old World but they are also to be found in South America. There four species – alpacas, llamas, vicuñas, and guanacos – have adapted themselves to the severe climate of the high Andes. They play an important role in the economies of Peru and Bolivia, and to a lesser extent in those of Chile, Argentina, and Ecuador.

scholarly journals Late Quaternary Variations in the South American Monsoon System as Inferred by Speleothems – New Perspectives Using the SISAL Database

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Deininger ◽  
Brittany Marie Ward ◽  
Valdir F. Novello ◽  
Francisco W. Cruz
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Convergence Zone ◽  
South American ◽  
The South ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
South American Monsoon ◽  
Monsoon System ◽  
South American Monsoon System

Here we present an overview of speleothem δ18O records from South America, which mostly are available in the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and Analysis (SISAL_v1) database. South American tropical and subtropical δ18O time series are primarily interpreted as being driven by the amount effect and, consequently show the past history of the convection intensity of convergence zones such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone and the South America Monsoon System. We investigate past hydroclimate scenarios in South America related to the South American Monsoon System in three different time scales: Late Pleistocene, Holocene and the last two millennia. The precession driven insolation is the main driver of convective variability over the continent during the last 250 kyrs, including the Holocene period. However a dipole is observed between the west and east portions of the continent. Records located in the central region of Brazil appear to be weakly affected by insolation driven variability and more susceptible to the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. Cold episodic events in Northern Hemisphere increase the activity of the South American Monsoon System on all time scales, in turn increasing rainfall amounts in South America, as was documented during Heinrich events in the late Pleistocene and Bond events in the Holocene, as well as during the Little Ice Age.

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